Orthopaedic - Orthopaedic Surgeons in Attica

Ntoulias Euaggelos is an Orthopedic Surgeon who maintains a private practice in Ilioupoli. He obtained his specialty in Orthopedics, training in General Surgery, Sports Injuries, Thoracic Surgery, Pediatric Orthopedics, and Orthopedics at the General Hospital of Volos "Achillopouleio," the General Hospital of Attica KAT, the Athens Thoracic Diseases Hospital "Sotiria," and the General Hospital "Asklipieio" Voula. He has extensive experience in sports medicine for individuals with special needs, having served as a physician in related track and field, boccia, and swimming championships. Additionally, he has served as a Consultant in the Pediatric Orthopedic Department of the Pediatric Clinic at Mitera Hospital. He has numerous participations and presentations at scientific conferences, as well as involvement in scientific workshops and seminars. Finally, the doctor is a member of the Athens Medical Association and the Hellenic Society of Orthopedic Surgery and Traumatology.

Ο Ορθοπαιδικός Χειρουργός Αναστάσιος Γ. Ρουστέμης είναι Διδάκτωρ της Ιατρικής Σχολής του Εθνικού και Καποδιστριακού Πανεπιστημίου Αθηνών (ΕΚΠΑ), Fellow of the European Board of Orthopaedics and Traumatology (FEBOT) και μέλος του American College of Surgeons (ACS). Είναι συνεργάτης του Ιατρικού Κέντρου Αθηνών και διατηρεί ιδιωτικό ιατρείο στη Νέα Ιωνία.

Ολοκλήρωσε την ειδικότητα στην Α΄ Πανεπιστημιακή Ορθοπαιδική Κλινική του Πανεπιστημιακού Γενικού Νοσοκομείου «Αττικόν», με συμπληρωματική εκπαίδευση στο Τμήμα Άκρας Χειρός του ΓΝΑ ΚΑΤ και στο Τμήμα Παιδοορθοπαιδικής του Γενικού Νοσοκομείου Παίδων Αθηνών.

Το κλινικό και χειρουργικό του αντικείμενο περιλαμβάνει την ολική αρθροπλαστική ισχίου και γόνατος, με ιδιαίτερη εξειδίκευση στην ολική αρθροπλαστική ισχίου μέσω πρόσθιας προσπέλασης (Direct Anterior Approach – DAA), καθώς και την αρθροσκοπική χειρουργική γόνατος και ώμου, την τραυματολογία και τη χειρουργική αντιμετώπιση παθήσεων του άνω άκρου.

Είναι κάτοχος του MSc «Εφαρμοσμένη Εμβιομηχανική στην Ορθοπαιδική» του ΕΚΠΑ και έχει πραγματοποιήσει μετεκπαίδευση σε διακεκριμένα ευρωπαϊκά ορθοπαιδικά κέντρα, μεταξύ των οποίων το Amsterdam University Medical Center (Amsterdam UMC), το Zaans Medisch Centrum (ZMC) στην Ολλανδία και το Royal Orthopaedic Hospital (ROH) στο Birmingham του Ηνωμένου Βασιλείου.

Παράλληλα, διατηρεί ενεργή ακαδημαϊκή και ερευνητική δραστηριότητα, με δημοσιεύσεις σε διεθνή επιστημονικά περιοδικά ευρετηριασμένα στο PubMed, συμμετοχή σε ελληνικά και διεθνή συνέδρια και παρουσία ως peer reviewer σε διεθνή επιστημονικά περιοδικά.

Dr. Paraskeuakos Grigorios is an Orthopedic Surgeon who has maintained a private practice in Nikaia since 2005. He is a graduate of the Medical School of the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens and completed his residency at the General Hospital of Attica KAT. Additionally, he specialized in General Surgery in the Pediatric Surgery Department of the General Hospital of Piraeus "Tzaneio" and further specialized in the Microsurgery Department of the General Hospital of Attica KAT. The physician continuously updates his knowledge in orthopedic matters through ongoing participation in osteoporosis and general orthopedics seminars both in Greece and abroad. Finally, his private clinic offers a wide range of services, tailored to the individual needs of each patient.

Kyrou Georgios is an Orthopedic Surgeon Consultant at the 3rd Orthopedic Clinic of the private hospital Iaso in Marousi, while maintaining a private practice in Kallithea. He has previously served as a specialist and resident physician in some of the most prominent public hospitals in the country, including the General Hospital of Attica “Sismanoglio - Amalia Fleming,” the University General Hospital "Attikon," the General Oncology Hospital of Kifisia (G.O.N.K.), and the General Children's Hospital of Athens "Panagiotis and Aglaia Kyriakou," covering a wide range of pathology and surgical cases. A graduate of the Medical School of the University of Patras, he has actively participated in national and international conferences and possesses experience in a variety of interventional techniques and musculoskeletal system disorders. He has also received additional training through seminars in areas such as upper limb surgery, reconstructive surgery, sports injuries, and traumatology. His clinical and scientific focus is on the optimal, evidence-based, and individualized management of orthopedic conditions, emphasizing functional rehabilitation and the minimization of postoperative complications.

Katsougkrakis Ilias is an Orthopedic Surgeon, serving as Deputy Director of the Robotic Orthopedic Surgery and Pediatric Orthopedics Clinic at Metropolitan Hospital. He maintains private practices in Ilioupoli and Sparta, Laconia. After completing his specialty training, he went to the United Kingdom where he completed a postgraduate specialization program, a Fellowship, in Arthroscopic Surgery and Knee and Shoulder Arthroplasty at East Surrey Hospital in Redhill, England. From 2012 to 2017, he worked as an Orthopedic Consultant in Adult and Pediatric Traumatology and Hip, Knee, and Shoulder Arthroplasty at Ealing Hospital in London and East Surrey Hospital in Redhill. He holds a degree from the Medical School of the University of Novi Sad in Serbia and obtained his medical specialty title from the 6th Orthopedic Clinic of the General Hospital "Asklipieio Voulas." After completing his specialty, he worked as the coordinating physician of the Parnassos Ski Center. Finally, he completed a postgraduate program in Health Units Management and Crisis Management at the University of Peloponnese. He maintains private practices in Ilioupoli and Sparta, Laconia.

Ο Κωνσταντίνος Μπαρμπαγιάννης είναι Ορθοπαιδικός Χειρουργός - Τραυματιολόγος - Αθλητίατρος , απόφοιτος της Ιατρικής Σχολής του Αριστοτελείου Πανεπιστημίου Θεσσαλονίκης και της Στρατιωτικής Σχολής Αξιωματικών Σωμάτων (ΣΣΑΣ). Εκπαιδεύτηκε αρχικά ως ειδικευόμενος στην Ορθοπαιδική κλινική του Ναυτικού Νοσοκομείου Αθηνών και ακολούθως, σε έμμισθη θέση πλήρους απασχόλησης ( Specialty Registrar) για χρονικό διάστημα 5 ετών, στη Μεγάλη Βρετανία, όπου και ολοκλήρωσε την εκπαίδευση του στους τομείς της τραυματιολογίας, επανορθωτικής χειρουργικής μεγάλων αρθρώσεων (αρθροπλαστική ισχίου, γόνατος και ώμου), καθώς και αθλητικών κακώσεων, παθήσεων της σπονδυλικής στήλης, σε νοσοκομεία του Λονδίνου (Stanmore RNOH, Whittington Health NHS Trust). Ιδιαίτερο αντικείμενο παράλληλης μετεκπαίδευσης του για χρονικό διάστημα 3 ετών αποτέλεσε η χειρουργική ώμου και αγκώνος, σε εξειδικευμένα κέντρα του Λονδίνου (RNOH and Spire Bushey Shoulder and Elbow Unit). Στα πλαίσια αυτά, αποτέλεσε μέλος της χειρουργικής ομάδας, ως clinical fellow, του διεθνούς φήμης χειρουργού Mr. Simon Lambert, με αντικείμενο την αντιμετώπιση όλου του φάσματος παθήσεων του ώμου και του αγκώνος (αρθροπλαστική ώμου, επανορθωτική χειρουργική, αρθροσκοπικη αποκατάσταση) με παράλληλη ερευνητική δραστηριότητα και δημοσιεύσεις σε διεθνή επιστημονικά περιοδικά. Ο γιατρός είναι Επιμελητής της Ορθοπαιδικής Κλινικής του Ναυτικού Νοσοκομείου Αθηνών. Ο γιατρός διατηρεί ιδιωτικό ιατρείο στο Περιστέρι από το 2017 με την επωνυμία ‘’ Athens Orthopaedic Practice’’. Διαθέτει εκτεταμένη εμπειρία στη χειρουργική θεραπεία ευρέος φάσματος ορθοπαιδικών παθήσεων, με περισσότερες από 4000 επεμβάσεις στο ενεργητικό του και αντικειμενική του επιδίωξη είναι η βέλτιστη και εξατομικευμένη θεραπευτική προσέγγιση με τα πλέον σύγχρονα μέσα των παθήσεων και απαιτήσεων των ασθενών του. O γιατρός, εκτός από την κλινική του δραστηριότητα, συμμετέχει σε τακτική βάση σε εκπαιδευτικά σεμινάρια και διατηρεί εκτεταμένη επιστημονική δραστηριότητα με τη συγγραφή άρθρων σε διεθνούς κύρους επιστημονικά περιοδικά.

Mandals Konstantinos is an Orthopedic Surgeon with a private practice in Kaisariani. He graduated from the Medical School of the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens and completed his specialty training in the Orthopedic Clinic of the General Hospital of Athens "G. Gennimatas," at the General Children's Hospital "P. & A. Kyriakou," and at the Special Anti-Cancer Hospital of Piraeus "Metaxa." During his specialty training, he participated in 1120 surgeries, either as the primary or assistant surgeon, dealing with fractures and dislocations as well as chronic orthopedic cases, such as knee and hip arthroplasties, knee and shoulder arthroscopies, spinal fusions, and discectomies. To date, he has numerous publications in Greek and international conferences, actively participating as a speaker, maintaining excellent training, deep knowledge, and continuous professional development in his field. Finally, he is a member of the Athens Medical Association, the AO Foundation, the Hellenic Society of Orthopedic Surgery and Traumatology, and the Hellenic Osteoporosis Foundation.

Mprilakis Emmanouil is an Orthopedic Surgeon who maintains two private practices, in Palaio Faliro and Psychiko. He holds a PhD and is a graduate of the Medical School of the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens. He possesses the "Advanced Trauma Life Support" and “Musculoskeletal Ultrasound” certifications from the American College of Surgeons and the Burwin Institute of Canada, respectively. He specializes in large joint arthroplasty (hip, knee, shoulder), knee and shoulder arthroscopy, and sports injuries. His expertise in the surgery of these joints is attributed to his advanced training in innovative surgical techniques. Additionally, he has served as the Orthopedic Surgeon for the Olympiacos Piraeus women's basketball team (for 2 years) and for "Panionios GS" (for 7 years), and has collaborated with numerous high-level teams and athletes. He is the Deputy Director of the 3rd Orthopedic Clinic at "Hygeia" Hospital and the Athens Center for Arthroscopy and Shoulder Surgery. He serves as the Secretary of the Sports Injuries Department of the Hellenic Society of Orthopedic Surgery and Traumatology and is a member of committees of both the European (ESSKA) and the International (ISAKOS) Societies of Sports Injuries. Finally, he is an active member of 14 Greek and international scientific societies, has published numerous scientific articles and presentations in Greek and international journals, and has delivered lectures at Greek and international sports medicine conferences.

Tsimplakis Mixalis is an Orthopedic Surgeon - Sports Medicine Specialist, Deputy Director of the 8th Orthopedic Clinic at Metropolitan General, and maintains a private practice in Nea Smyrni. He is a graduate of the Medical School of the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens and has received advanced training in Shoulder Arthroscopic Surgery at the 401 General Military Hospital of Athens. He has particular expertise in knee arthroplasty, meniscal arthroscopy, chondropathy arthroscopy, shoulder arthroscopy, osteoporosis management, as well as monitoring kyphosis, scoliosis, and fractures. Additionally, he collaborates with the Medical Center of Palaio Faliro, BioClinic of Piraeus, and Doctors Hospital. Finally, the physician has contributed to scientific publications both in Greece and internationally.

Ο Νταλαπέρας Παναγιώτης MSc, MD είναι Ορθοπαιδικός - Ορθοπαιδικός Χειρουργός και διατηρεί ιδιωτικό ιατρείο στο Πεδίον του Άρεως. Είναι απόφοιτος της Ιατρικής Σχολής του Δημοκριτείου Πανεπιστημίου Θράκης και κάτοχος μεταπτυχιακού τίτλου σπουδών από το Εθνικό και Καποδιστριακό Πανεπιστήμιο Αθηνών, με αντικείμενο τα Μεταβολικά Νοσήματα των Οστών.

Έχει εξειδίκευση στην ελάχιστα επεμβατική (minimal invasive) ορθοπαιδική χειρουργική και fast track αποκατάσταση, με έμφαση στη λειτουργικότητα, την ασφάλεια και τη γρήγορη επάνοδο του ασθενούς. Στο πλαίσιο της επαγγελματικής του δραστηριότητας, εργάζεται ως Ορθοπαιδικός Χειρουργός στο Mediterraneo Hospital, ενώ παράλληλα αποτελεί μέλος του ιατρικού επιτελείου της ποδοσφαιρικής ομάδας του Παναιτωλικού, παρέχοντας ιατρική υποστήριξη σε αθλητές. Έχει επίσης εργαστεί ως Ορθοπαιδικός Χειρουργός με εξειδίκευση στην Παιδορθοπαιδική στο Metropolitan Hospital. Η επιστημονική του κατάρτιση και η κλινική του εμπειρία καλύπτουν το ευρύ πεδίο της ορθοπαιδικής, με ενασχόληση τόσο με την αντιμετώπιση ορθοπαιδικών παθήσεων όσο και με την υγεία του μυοσκελετικού συστήματος.

Tolis Konstantinos MD, MSc, PhDc is an Orthopedic Surgeon with a private practice in Kolonaki. He graduated from the Medical School of the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens and is a PhD candidate at the same institution. Additionally, he holds a postgraduate degree in "Metabolic Bone Diseases" with a thesis on the "Pathophysiology of Bone Pain" from the Medical School of the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens. He initially specialized in General Surgery at the General Hospital of Pyrgos "Andreas Papandreou," in Pediatric Orthopedics at the First Pediatric Orthopedic Clinic of the General Children's Hospital of Athens "P. & A. Kyriakou," and finally in General Orthopedics at the First University Orthopedic Clinic of the University General Hospital "Attikon." From 2014 to 2020, he was an Academic Fellow at the Laboratory for Research of Musculoskeletal Disorders "Th. Garofalidis," focusing on "Microsurgery" at the General Hospital of Attica KAT. He is the Deputy Director of the 8th Orthopedic Clinic at Metropolitan General and the Scientific Director of the Upper Limb - Microsurgery Clinic. Concurrently, he collaborates with several clinics within Attica. He has participated in numerous conferences in Greece and abroad, presenting poster presentations, oral communications, and lectures. Finally, he is a member of the Athens Medical Association, the Hellenic Society of Orthopedic Surgery and Traumatology, the Hellenic Osteoporosis Foundation, and the Hellenic Society for Hand Surgery.

Dr. Natsioulas Nikolaos is an Orthopedic Surgeon who maintains a private practice in Agia Paraskevi and concurrently serves as a Consultant in the Orthopedic Clinic of the Naval Hospital of Athens. He was admitted through nationwide examinations to the Medical Department of the Military Academy of Corps Officers and to the Medical School of Aristotle University of Thessaloniki. He graduated in 2006 with the grade "very good" and was commissioned as an Ensign in the Hellenic Navy. He initially served as a physician on the Hellenic Navy's frigate Elli, and in 2009 began his specialization in Orthopedic Surgery at the Naval Hospital of Athens. In 2011, he moved to Glasgow, United Kingdom, where he completed a 4-year residency in Orthopedic Surgery and Traumatology. In 2015, after examinations, he became a member of the Royal College of Surgeons of Great Britain (Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons), and in 2017, after examinations, a member of the European Board of Orthopaedics and Traumatology (FEBOT), making him one of the few Orthopedic surgeons in Greece holding both titles. The doctor has acquired significant experience in the conservative and surgical management of Orthopedic and Traumatology conditions. He operates privately at Metropolitan General in Cholargos and at other private clinics in Athens.

Dr. Mpesiris Georgios is an Orthopedic Surgeon who maintains private practices in Ano Liosia, Kypseli, Corfu, and Ierapetra. He studied at the Medical School of the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens and specialized in Orthopedic Surgery at the General Hospital of Elefsina "Thriasio" and the General Children’s Hospital "Panagiotis and Aglaia Kyriakou." He holds a PhD from the Medical School of the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens with a thesis titled "Comparative study of the local use of tranexamic acid in total knee arthroplasty (intra-articular – periarticular injection)." He has extensive experience working in clinics and hospitals, as well as participation in numerous conferences related to the field of Orthopedic Surgery. Additionally, from 2020 to 2022, he received medical recognition awards and consistently stays up-to-date with all scientific advancements in his specialty, treating medical science as a vocation. Finally, he provides high-quality orthopedic services and comprehensive therapeutic interventions for every orthopedic issue.

Karmali Aikaterini is an Orthopedic Surgeon and maintains a private practice in Ilion. She graduated from the Medical School of Aristotle University of Thessaloniki. She specialized in the Orthopedic department of the General Children's Hospital of Athens "P. & A. Kyriakou," the 3rd Orthopedic department of the Attica General Hospital KAT, and the Orthopedic department of the Anti-Cancer - Oncology Hospital of Athens "Agios Savvas." Additionally, she served as a physician at IKA in Ilion, and at her private practice, she offers a wide range of services, tailored to the individual needs of each patient.

Mantakos Dimitrios is an Orthopedic Surgeon who maintains private practices in Ilion and Skala Lakonias. Additionally, he serves as Consultant at the 3rd Orthopedic Clinic of the private hospital HYGEIA and as a Scientific Collaborator at the private hospital MITERA. He studied Medicine at the University of Patras and subsequently completed his postgraduate studies in "Metabolic Bone Diseases" at the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens. He has many years of experience, having specialized at the Penteli General Children’s Hospital where he completed training in Pediatric Orthopedics and Traumatology, and at the 1st Orthopedic Clinic of the General Attica Hospital KAT. At the same hospital, he further specialized in the Hand - Upper Limb - Microsurgery Clinic, as well as in the Sports Injuries Department. He has also completed courses in Advanced Trauma Life Support, Basic Life Support (BLS), and Prehospital Trauma Life Support. He is a member of the European Pediatric Orthopaedic Society (EPOS), the European Society for Sports Traumatology, Knee Surgery and Arthroscopy (ESSKA), the Hellenic Society of Orthopedic Surgery and Traumatology (HSOST), and the Athens Medical Association. Furthermore, he has attended numerous national and European orthopedic and other specialty conferences and has participated in a significant number of seminars both as an instructor and as a trainee.

Dempegiotis Petros MD, MSc is an Orthopedic Surgeon with a private practice in Kypseli. He is a graduate of the Medical School of the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens and has attended numerous international educational seminars. He is also a certified physician in Neural Therapy. He is an affiliated physician at Euroclinic Athens, Doctor's Hospital, and Metropolitan General. With extensive experience in orthopedic disorders, he diagnoses and treats orthopedic conditions in both adults and children. Additionally, he manages cases such as tendinitis, osteoarthritis, cervical syndrome, sciatica, as well as pediatric orthopedics.

Ilias Apostolos MD is an Orthopedic Surgeon with a private practice in Glyfada. He is a graduate of the Medical School of the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens. He holds a Basic Life Support diploma from the United Kingdom and an Advanced Trauma Life Support diploma from the University of Athens. He serves as a scientific collaborator at Mediterraneo, Metropolitan, Iaso General hospitals, and the Athens Medical Center Group, and also collaborates with the Private MITERA Hospital and Therapis General Hospital. In his private practice, he provides services in accordance with the latest protocols for the treatment of orthopedic conditions in adults and children, such as osteoarthritis, sports injuries, cartilage lesions, upper and lower limb fractures, spinal disorders, and peripheral neuropathies of the upper and lower limbs, shoulder impingement syndrome, rotator cuff tears, shoulder instability, frozen shoulder, carpal tunnel syndrome, ulnar neuritis, and hallux valgus (bunion). Furthermore, he applies modern biological therapies (concentrated platelet-rich plasma - growth factor injections) and conducts osteoporosis assessments and EOPYY prescription services. Finally, the surgeon has an extensive curriculum vitae including participation in training seminars in the United Kingdom (UK) as well as Europe-wide, alongside publications in reputable scientific journals.

Georgios Sxinas MD, MSc, PhD is an Orthopedic Surgeon with a private practice in Pefki. He holds a doctorate from the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, specializing in Surgical Orthopedics, and completed advanced training in total joint arthroplasties at the Hospital for Special Surgery (HSS) in New York, supported by a scholarship from the Stavros Niarchos Foundation. As a scholar, he also trained in the sports injuries department of the KAT General Hospital, where he gained extensive surgical experience in sports injuries in both diagnosis and treatment. He serves as a Consultant at Ygeia Hospital and is a former Consultant at the Second Orthopedic Clinic of the General Hospital of Athens "G. Gennimatas," where he acquired significant experience in Emergency Orthopedics, actively participating in the clinic's on-call program. Previously, he worked as a physician in the Orthopedic Clinic at James Paget University Hospital in the United Kingdom. To date, he has authored presentations and publications in renowned scientific and medical journals and has been awarded for the best paper entitled: "Experience and Observations from Bone Lengthening with Unilateral External Fixation Devices."

Ο Κεχαγιάς Βασίλειος MD, MSc, PhD είναι Ορθοπαιδικός Χειρουργός και διατηρεί ιδιωτικό ιατρείο στο Καματερό. Είναι Διδάκτωρ της Ιατρικής Σχολής του Εθνικού και Καποδιστριακού Πανεπιστημίου Αθηνών με θέμα "Προοπτική Μελέτη των Μεταβολών Σπονδυλικής Στήλης και Πυέλου μετά από Ολική Αρθροπλαστική Ισχίου και Γόνατος". Παράλληλα, είναι κάτοχος Μεταπτυχιακού Τίτλου Σπουδών στα "Μεταβολικά Νοσήματα Των Οστών" από την Ιατρική Σχολή του Εθνικού και Καποδιστριακού Πανεπιστημίου Αθηνών, ενώ αποφοίτησε από την ίδια Σχολή το 2006 και συνέχισε την ακαδημαϊκή του πορεία με μεταπτυχιακές και διδακτορικές σπουδές, τις οποίες ολοκλήρωσε με βαθμό "Άριστα". Διαθέτει πολυετή εμπειρία στη διάγνωση και χειρουργική αντιμετώπιση παθήσεων και κακώσεων του μυοσκελετικού συστήματος, με ιδιαίτερο ενδιαφέρον στην αρθροπλαστική ισχίου και γόνατος, την αρθροσκόπηση ώμου και γόνατος, τη χειρουργική καταγμάτων, την τραυματολογία και τις αθλητικές κακώσεις. Παράλληλα, ασχολείται με τη χειρουργική άκρας χειρός, τις παθήσεις της σπονδυλικής στήλης και του άκρου ποδός, καθώς και με τη διάγνωση και θεραπεία της οστεοπόρωσης.

Κατέχει τον βαθμό του Διευθυντή Ε.Σ.Υ. και συνεργάζεται με το Ιατρικό Περιστερίου του Ομίλου Ιατρικού Αθηνών, ενώ έχει αποκτήσει σημαντική κλινική εμπειρία μέσα από τη δραστηριότητά του σε νοσοκομειακές μονάδες, όπως το Γενικό Νοσοκομείο Πειραιά "Τζάνειο", το Γενικό Νοσοκομείο Βόλου και το Γενικό Νοσοκομείο Λήμνου.

Είναι ενεργό μέλος του Ιατρικού Συλλόγου Αθηνών, της Ελληνικής Εταιρείας Χειρουργικής Ορθοπαιδικής και Τραυματολογίας (Ε.Ε.Χ.Ο.Τ.) και του Ελληνικού Ιδρύματος Οστεοπόρωσης.

Στόχος του είναι η παροχή εξατομικευμένης, σύγχρονης και υψηλού επιπέδου ιατρικής φροντίδας, με έμφαση στην ορθή διάγνωση, τη λεπτομερή ενημέρωση του ασθενούς και την εφαρμογή των πλέον σύγχρονων θεραπευτικών και χειρουργικών μεθόδων.