Doctors with experience in Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) in the Northern suburbs of Athens

Georgios Anagnostopoulos is a Gastroenterologist who sees patients in Marousi at the "Mitera" Clinic. He holds a medical degree from the Medical School of the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens and completed his Gastroenterology specialty at the 251 General Air Force Hospital. In 2002, he received a scholarship from the Hellenic Society of Gastroenterology and pursued advanced training as an Advanced Endoscopy Research Fellow at the Wolfson Digestive Diseases Centre, University of Nottingham, UK, and the Endoscopy Department, University of Mainz, Germany. His training focused on advanced micro-endoscopic diagnostic and therapeutic techniques such as magnifying endoscopy, chromoendoscopy, Narrow Band Imaging, confocal endomicroscopy, autofluorescence endoscopy, endoscopic mucosal resection, and photodynamic therapy for Barrett’s esophagus. A considerable number of his studies have been published in reputable peer-reviewed international medical journals. He has more than 100 presentations at Greek and international conferences and continues to frequently publish articles in the Greek press. It is noteworthy that his primary interests include the monitoring of patients with Barrett’s esophagus and ulcerative colitis, as well as the endoscopic evaluation of patients with precancerous lesions in the gastrointestinal tract (dysplasia). Furthermore, he specializes in complex polypectomies of flat polyps (endoscopic mucosal resection), ablation of Barrett’s esophagus epithelium using radiofrequency ablation (HALO), and obesity treatment through the revolutionary endoscopic AspireAssist method.

Arousis Igiant is a Gastroenterologist - Endoscopist and maintains a private practice in Chalandri. He is a graduate of the Medical School of the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens. He completed his specialty in Gastroenterology at the General Hospital of Athens "Evangelismos," performing over 2000 endoscopic procedures of the upper and lower gastrointestinal tract during his training. He has served as the lead physician at the clinics "Athinaion" and "Agios Eleftherios," as well as the lead physician in the Hemodialysis Unit at the "Eugenidio Foundation." Additionally, he has served as a regular supervising physician at the 417 Military Nursing Institution of the Army Share Fund. Finally, he has worked as a gastroenterologist at the Eugenidio Therapeutic Center.

Dr. Xrysovitsiotis Georgios, MD, PhDc, is an Otolaryngologist who maintains a private practice in the Marousi area. He holds a medical degree from the University of Crete and completed his specialty training in Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery at the 1st Otolaryngology Clinic of the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (N.K.U.A) at the General Hospital of Athens "Hippokratio." Dr. Xrysovitsiotis serves as the Deputy Director of the Otolaryngology - Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Clinic at Metropolitan General, as well as a Scientific Collaborator at the 1st Otolaryngology Clinic of N.K.U.A. at G.N.A. "Hippokratio." Furthermore, he has an extensive record of academic publications in international journals as both author and collaborator, along with numerous invited lectures and presentations at scientific conferences in Greece and abroad.

H Ανδριανάκου Γεωργία MD, MSc είναι Γαστρεντερολόγος – Ηπατολόγος – Επεμβατική Ενδοσκόπος και διατηρεί το ιδιωτικό της ιατρείο στη Νέα Κηφισιά. Παράλληλα είναι συνεργάτης του Γαστρεντερολογικού Τμήματος του Νοσοκομείου Ερρίκος Ντυνάν , όπου διενεργεί όλες τις απαραίτητες ενδοσκοπικές πράξεις : Γαστροσκόπηση με λήψη βιοψιών ,κολονοσκόπηση , πολυποδεκτομή , ορθοσιγμοειδοσκόπηση , τοποθέτηση γαστροστομίας και άλλα. Όλες οι ενδοσκοπικές πράξεις πραγματοποιούνται παρουσία Αναισθησιολόγου και εξειδικευμένου νοσηλευτικού προσωπικού , για την ασφάλεια του ασθενούς. Η κ. Ανδριανάκου είναι απόφοιτος της Ιατρικής Σχολής του Πανεπιστημίου Πατρών. Από το 2013 έως το 2017 εργάστηκε στο Πανεπιστημιακό Νοσοκομείο της Ντιζόν στη Γαλλία CHU Dijon Bourgogne και έλαβε τον τίτλο της Γενικής Ιατρικής. Το 2015 ολοκλήρωσε επιτυχώς το Μεταπτυχιακό δίπλωμα « Ιδιοπαθείς Φλεγμονώδεις Νόσοι του Εντέρου» του Πανεπιστημίου της Lille και του Πανεπιστημίου Sorbonne - Université Pierre- et-Marie- Curie του Παρισίου. Το 2018 επέστρεψε στην Ελλάδα και ξεκίνησε την ειδίκευσή της στη Γαστρεντερολογία – Ηπατολογία στο Γενικό Νοσοκομείο Αθηνών "Γ. ΓΕΝΝΗΜΑΤΑΣ". Το 2020 ολοκλήρωσε επιτυχώς μετά από γραπτές εξετάσεις την παρακολούθηση του 13 ου Σχολείου Κλινικής Ηπατολογίας, το οποίο διοργανώνεται από την Ελληνική Εταιρία Μελέτης Ήπατος. Επιπρόσθετα, το 2021 παρακολούθησε επιτυχώς το Ενδοσκοπικό Σχολείο, υπό την αιγίδα της Ελληνικής Γαστρεντερολογικής Εταιρείας. Το 2022 έλαβε τον τίτλο της Ιατρικής Ειδικότητας της Γαστρεντερολογίας – Ηπατολογίας. Από το 2022 έως το 2025 συνέχισε να εργάζεται στη Γαστρεντερολογική κλινική του Γενικού Νοσοκομείου Αθηνών "Γ.ΓΕΝΝΗΜΑΤΑΣ". Η ιατρός μέσα από της πολυετή θητεία της στο μεγαλύτερο νοσοκομείο της Αττικής απέκτησε μεγάλη εμπειρία στη διαχείριση ευρέως φάσματος σύνθετων γαστρεντερολογικών και ηπατολογικών περιστατικών. Παράλληλα, επιτέλεσε πολυάριθμες ενδοσκοπικές πράξεις. Έχει συμμετάσχει σε πληθώρα ελληνικών και διεθνών συνεδρίων, παρουσιάζοντας εργασίες και αποτελέσματα ερευνητικών μελετών, παραμένοντας έτσι σε συνεχή ενημέρωση για τις εξελίξεις στον τομέα της. Αποτελεί ενεργό μέλος της Ελληνικής Γαστρεντερολογικής Εταιρείας, της Ελληνικής Εταιρίας Μελέτης Ήπατος και της Ελληνικής Ομάδας Μελέτης των Ιδιοπαθών Φλεγμονωδών Νοσημάτων του Εντέρου. Στο ιατρείο της διαχειρίζεται περιστατικά όπως : γαστροοισοφαγική παλινδρόμηση , διερεύνηση αναιμίας, κοιλιακό άλγος, σύνδρομο ευερέθιστου εντέρου, έλεγχος για ελικοβακτηρίδιο του πυλωρού, λιπώδης διήθηση ήπατος, αυτοάνοσα νοσήματα του ήπατος και του παγκρέατος, ηωσινιφιλική οισαφαγίτιδα , νόσος Crohn και Ελκώδης κολίτιδα, γαστρίτιδα, ηπατίτιδα, κίρρωση του ήπατος, αιμορροΐδες και άλλα. Ταυτόχρονα, προγραμματίζει άμεσα μαζί με τον ασθενή όποια ενδοσκοπική πράξη απαιτείται, μετά από ενδελεχή ενημέρωση.

Maria-Theodora Koutroumpi, MD, MSc, is a Gastroenterologist – Interventional Endoscopist with a private practice in Patima, Halandri. She is an affiliated Consultant at the 2nd Gastroenterology Clinic of YGEIA Hospital. Additionally, she performs endoscopies at Affidea Kifisia (contracted with EOPYY) and the private REA clinic. She has significant clinical and endoscopic experience, having performed over 1,600 endoscopies during her specialty training at the General Hospital of Athens "Georgios Gennimatas," and she has also worked as a resident Physician at the General Hospital of Nafplio. She graduated from the Medical School of the University of Patras and holds an MSc from the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens in Human Neoplastic Disease. She participates in international conferences and has been trained in modern endoscopic techniques, such as gastric capsule endoscopy. She has a particular interest in idiopathic inflammatory bowel diseases and interventional endoscopy, emphasizing a personalized and humane approach to each patient.

Papavasileiou Antonios is an Otolaryngologist with private practices in Neo Psychiko and Pallini. He graduated from the Military Medical School and the Medical School of Aristotle University of Thessaloniki. He holds a PhD from the University of Athens and worked for 10 years as the Director of the ENT Clinic at the 401 General Military Hospital of Athens. He has extensive experience in the diagnosis and management of snoring and apnea in both adults and children, utilizing modern diagnostic and therapeutic protocols. He specializes in head and neck surgery, as well as inflammatory and allergic rhinologic and otologic conditions. He completed his postgraduate training in England for three years and is an Honorary Professor at Peking University. At his private practice in Pallini, he provides high-level services for the diagnosis and treatment of all otorhinolaryngological conditions in adults and children, such as allergic rhinitis, otitis, vertigo, epistaxis, and sinusitis, as well as rhinoplasty, septoplasty, and endoscopic surgery. He also collaborates with the Psychiko Medical Center, where he serves as the Director of the Otolaryngology Clinic.

Dr. Natsiopoulou Ourania, MD, MSc is an Otolaryngologist, Head and Neck Surgeon, with a private practice in Kifisia. She holds the position of attending physician at the B’ ENT Clinic of the "Lefkos Stavros" hospital as well as the role of Scientific Collaborator at the A' University Clinic of the General Hospital of Athens "Hippocratio". She graduated from the Medical School of the University of Patras and obtained a postgraduate diploma specializing in Nasal, Skull Base & Facial Disorders. Her professional career includes training in General Surgery and Plastic Surgery at hospitals in England (Chelsea and Westminster Hospital) and the USA (Johns Hopkins University Hospital). She began her residency in General Surgery at the Anti-Cancer - Oncology Hospital of Piraeus "Metaxa" and in Otolaryngology at the Children's General Hospital "P. & A. Kyriakou". Subsequently, she continued her specialty training in hospitals in Switzerland (Hôpital Intercantonal de la Broye, HFR Fribourg) and completed her Otolaryngology specialization at the A’ University ENT Clinic of the General Hospital of Athens "Hippocratio". At her private practice, she manages the full spectrum of otolaryngological disorders in both children and adults. Finally, Dr. Natsiopoulou is a member of the Athens Medical Association and is fluent in Greek, English, French, and Greek Sign Language.

Pappa Persefoni is an Otolaryngologist who maintains private practices in Kypseli and Chalandri. She graduated from the Medical School of the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens and specialized in the Otolaryngology Clinic of the General Thoracic Diseases Hospital "Sotiria" from 2003 to 2008, when she obtained her Otolaryngology specialty certification from the Athens Prefecture. To date, she is a permanent Associate Physician at the private hospital "Hygeia". Additionally, Dr. Pappa has numerous presentations at conferences in her field and is a member of the Hellenic Rhinologic Society, the European Rhinologic Society, and the Athens Medical Association.

Dr. Petros Stathopoulos is a Gastroenterologist and Interventional Endoscopist with extensive clinical, academic, and research experience gained in leading university hospitals in Germany. Since 2026, he has been affiliated with the 3rd Department of Gastroenterology at HYGEIA Hospital in Athens. Prior to this, he served as Deputy Head of the Endoscopy Unit and Consultant Gastroenterologist at the University Hospital of Marburg, Germany.He graduated from the Medical School of the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens and completed his specialty training in Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology in Germany. His clinical expertise encompasses the full spectrum of diagnostic and therapeutic gastrointestinal endoscopy, including advanced procedures such as Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection (ESD), Endoscopic Full-Thickness Resection (eFTR), Endoscopic Ultrasound (EUS), ERCP, and the management of complex gastrointestinal neoplasms.Dr. Stathopoulos has received advanced training at internationally renowned centers, including Keio University Hospital in Tokyo, Japan, and Hôpital Édouard Herriot in Lyon, France, with a special focus on advanced endoscopic resection techniques. He has also played a key role in the certification and quality assurance processes of multidisciplinary oncology centers specializing in pancreatic and colorectal cancer.His scientific work includes numerous publications in peer-reviewed international journals and presentations at major European gastroenterology and endoscopy conferences. He is an active member of several prestigious scientific societies, including the German Society of Gastroenterology (DGVS), the European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE), and the German Society for Endoscopy and Imaging Techniques (DGE-BV).

Η κυρία Καραλή Άινο Αμαρυλλίς ειναι Παιδίατρος και διατηρεί το ιδιωτικό της ιατρείο στη Νέα Ιωνία. Είναι πτυχιούχος της Ιατρικής Σχολής Αθηνών του Εθνικού και Καποδιστριακού Πανεπιστημίου Αθηνών. Κατά τη διάρκεια των σπουδών της, είχε την ευκαιρία να εργαστεί ως εκπαιδευόμενος ιατρός στο Πανεπιστημιακό Νοσοκομείο North Karelia Central Hospital της Φινλανδίας. Η εκπαίδευσή της στην Παιδιατρική ξεκίνησε με τη Νεογνολογική Κλινική του Αρεταιείου Νοσοκομείου του Εθνικού και Καποδιστριακού Νοσοκομείου Αθηνών ενώ ακολούθως εκπαιδεύτηκε στην παιδιατρική κλινική του «Γενικού Νοσοκομείου Νίκαιας», όπου συμμετείχε στο εκπαιδευτικό έργο της Κλινικής, με παρουσιάσεις και ομιλίες σε διάφορα συνέδρια. Στη συνέχεια, έκανε εκπαίδευση σε διάφορα τμήματα στα Νοσοκομεία Παίδων « Η Αγία Σοφία», στο «Πανεπιστημιακό Γενικό Νοσοκομείο Αττικόν » και στο Νοσοκομείο «Ανδρέας Συγγρός». Λαμβάνοντας τον τίτλο της Ειδικότητας συνέχισαε τη θητεία της στην Παιδιατρική Κλινική του Γενικού Νοσοκομείου «Ασκληπιείο Βούλας», με ειδικό ενδιαφέρον και συμμετοχή στο έργο του Ιατρείου Αναπτυξιακής & Συμπεριφορικής Παδιατρικής, και ακολούθως υπηρέτησε στο Κέντρο Υγείας Σαλαμίνας. Έχει λάβει πιστοποίηση στην Εξειδικευμένη Εκπαίδευση στη Συμβουλευτική και Υποστήριξη στο Μητρικό Θηλασμό (ΚΕΔΙΒΙΜ). Έχει λάβει πιστοποίηση στην Παιδιατρική Διατροφή (Post Graduate Program από το Boston University). Έχει λάβει μέρος σε εκπαιδεύσεις για Εξειδικευμένη Υποστήριξη της Ζωής στα Παιδιά (APLS) και για Υποστήριξη της Ζωής του Νεογνού (NLS). Τέλος, η ιατρός διατελεί επί σειρά ετών επιστημονική υπεύθυνη στο κοινωνικό παιδιατρείο «Ο Καλός Σαμαρείτης», και είναι συνεργάτης και τέως επιμελήτρια στο Νοσοκομείο Παίδων «ΙΑΣΩ », στο τμήμα των επειγόντων περιστατικών. Διατέλεσε επί σειρά ετών παιδίατρος στα «Παιδικά χωριά SOS». Στον ιδιωτικό της ιατρείο, έναν χαρούμενο και φιλόξενο χώρο διαμορφωμένο σύμφωνα με τις ανάγκες των παιδιών, προσφέρει παιδιατρικές υπηρεσίες, ενώ στο ιατρείο διατίθεται ξεχωριστός χώρος μητρικού θηλασμού.

Dr. Παναγιωτόπουλος K. Γεώργιος MD, MSc, ΜΑud/Notol, ΑSCP (VSD), AuD, PhD είναι Ωτορινολαρυγγολόγος με ιδιωτικό ιατρείο στα Βριλήσσια. Αποφοίτησε από την Στρατιωτική Ιατρική (ΣΣΑΣ) λαμβάνοντας το πτυχίο της Ιατρικής από το Αριστοτέλειο Πανεπιστήμιο της Θεσσαλονίκης το 1994. Στη συνέχεια, εκπαιδεύτηκε στην Ειδικότητα της Ωτορινολαρυγγολογίας στο 401 Γενικό Στρατιωτικό Νοσοκομείο Αθηνών και στο Γενικό Νοσοκομείο "Ασκληπιείο" Βούλας, καθώς και στην Παιδιατρική Ωτορινολαρυγγολογία συμμετέχοντας στις δραστηριότητες της ΩΡΛ κλινικής του Γενικού Νοσοκομείου Παίδων Πεντέλης. Έλαβε τον τίτλο του Χειρουργού Ωτορινολαρυγγολόγου (ΩΡΛ) το 2003. Παράλληλα με την ειδίκευσή του, εκπαιδεύτηκε και αποφοίτησε επιτυχώς στην Καταδυτική - Υπερβαρική Ιατρική το 1997 στο Ναυτικό Νοσοκομείο Αθηνών με έμφαση στα Ω.Ρ.Λ. προβλήματα των καταδύσεων και τις Ω.Ρ.Λ. εφαρμογές της υπερβαρικής οξυγονοθεραπείας αποκτώντας παράλληλα Πτυχίο Αυτοδύτου από την Μονάδα Υποβρυχίων Καταστροφών του Πολεμικού Ναυτικού. Εκπαιδεύτηκε στην Αεροπορική Ιατρική το 2005 αποφοιτώντας επιτυχώς από το Κέντρο Αεροπορικής Ιατρικής με έμφαση στα Ω.Ρ.Λ. προβλήματα που εμφανίζονται στο περιβάλλον των πτήσεων. Από το 2004 είναι Επιμελητής της ΩΡΛ Κλινικής του 401 Γενικού Στρατιωτικού Νοσοκομείου Αθηνών και υπεύθυνος ιατρείου διαταραχών όσφρησης και γεύσης του αντίστοιχου τομέα της Κλινικής, ενώ από το 2010 είναι Διευθυντής του Ακοολογικού Νευροωτολογικού Εργαστηρίου του ίδιου Νοσοκομείου και από το 2013 είναι Αναπληρωτής Διευθυντής της ΩΡΛ Κλινικής αυτού. Από το 2017 είναι Επιστημονικός συνεργάτης και allumnus στο Salus University, Osborne College of Audiology (PA), Pennsylvania Ear Institute U.S.A. Τέλος, έχει δημοσιεύσει επιστημονικές εργασίες σε διεθνή και εγχώρια Ωτορινολαρυγγολογικά περιοδικά και έχει παρουσιάσει ομιλίες σε Ελληνικά και Διεθνή Συνέδρια με θέματα γύρω από την Ωτορινολαρυγγολογία, ενώ κατέχει και δίπλωμα ευρεσιτεχνίας από τον Οργανισμό Βιομηχανικής Ιδιοκτησίας για την αντιμετώπιση των οσφρητικών διαταραχών.

Dr. Pantos Paulos is an Otolaryngologist and Head and Neck Surgeon, maintaining his private practice in Kifisia. He graduated from the Athens College and subsequently obtained his degree from the Medical School of the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens. He completed his Otolaryngology residency at the 1st University Otolaryngology Clinic of the General Hospital "Hippocratio" and received his specialty certification from the European Society of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. He works as a Second Consultant at the Otolaryngology Clinic of the General Hospital of Athens "Elpis." He has performed numerous surgical procedures covering the entire scope of the specialty in both adult and pediatric patients. He has specialized experience in Endoscopic Surgery of the Nose and Paranasal Sinuses as well as in Head and Neck Oncology. He has contributed to the authorship of publications in Greek and international journals and has prepared lectures and presentations for Greek and international conferences.

Magklaras Ilias is an Otolaryngologist and maintains a private practice in Melissia. He holds a medical degree from the Medical School of the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens. The doctor specialized in Otolaryngology at Tzaneio Hospital in Piraeus, at Pammakaristos Hospital, and in Pediatric Surgery at Nikaia Hospital. Finally, he serves as a Scientific Collaborator at MITERA Hospital and as a Consultant at HYGEIA Hospital.

Lazaridis Lazaros - Dimitrios is a Gastroenterologist and serves as Consultant in the Gastroenterology – Hepatology Clinic at Metropolitan General in Cholargos. He also maintains a private practice at the Pharos of Neo Psychiko. He studied Medicine at the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens and specialized in Gastroenterology - Hepatology at the University General Hospital “Attikon.” Beyond the national exams for obtaining the Gastroenterology specialty title, he participated in the activities of the 14th Hepatology School of the Hellenic Association for the Study of the Liver and was awarded following his participation in the examinations. He was awarded a Doctorate from the Medical School of the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens in 2017 with a grade of “Excellent.” He completed his doctoral thesis at the 2nd University Pathology Clinic of the University General Hospital “Attikon” focusing on the role of the inflammasome in idiopathic inflammatory bowel diseases. He is the author of more than 15 scientific articles in reputable international scientific journals. He has participated as an invited speaker at Greek conferences and has been part of the authorship team in nearly 50 presentations at international and Greek conferences. He has actively participated in multicenter clinical studies. He has taught students at the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens within the framework of undergraduate courses. He fulfilled his mandatory rural service as a physician at the General Hospital of Trikala in the Regional Clinic of “Koniskos” and served as a Pathology specialty trainee at the General Hospital of Athens “Sismanogleio,” as part of his training for the Gastroenterology specialty. Finally, he fulfilled his military obligations as a unit doctor in the Hellenic Army, serving at the 95th National Guard Reconnaissance Squadron (95 EAΝΕΘ) in Gennadi, Rhodes.

Sioulas Athanasios MD, PhD, FEBGH is a Gastroenterologist with a private practice in Chalandri. He holds a doctorate from the Medical School of the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens and is also a graduate of the same institution. He completed his specialty training in Gastroenterology at the Hepatogastroenterology Unit of the 2nd Propaedeutic Medical Clinic of the University General Hospital "Attikon" and subsequently undertook advanced training as a fellow of the Hellenic Gastroenterology Society in the Endoscopy Department of the Universitätsklinikum Hamburg - Eppendorf (UKE) in Hamburg, Germany. His advanced training focused on diseases of the pancreas and biliary tract with an emphasis on endoscopic diagnostic and therapeutic techniques (ERCP, cholangioscopy). In addition to his clinical activities, Dr. Sioulas has a special interest in basic and clinical research in the field of gastroenterology, with numerous publications in reputable international scientific journals and presentations at Greek and international conferences. Currently, he practices general gastroenterology and hepatology, covering the entire spectrum of digestive system diseases, with an emphasis on endoscopic diagnostic and therapeutic methods. He works closely with leading surgeons, oncologists, radiologists, and radiotherapists to provide his patients with high-quality services in accordance with current clinical guidelines. Finally, Dr. Sioulas is a member of the Hellenic Gastroenterological Society, the European Board of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, and the European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy.

Zeinentin Subchia is a Pediatrician and maintains a private practice in Melissia. She was born in Athens and graduated from the Medical School of the University of Thessaly. She completed his compulsory field service at the General Hospital of Chalkida and specialized in pediatrics at the General Hospital of Penteli Children's Hospital. She was trained in Paediatric Dermatology at the Athens Aphrodisiac and Dermatological Diseases Hospital "Andreas Syngros" and in Neonatology at the General Hospital "Elena Venizelos" and at the Neonatal Unit of the General Children's Hospital of Athens "P. & A. Kyriakou". She holds a Master's degree from the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens with the title "Clinical Pediatrics and Nursing - Research" and a thesis entitled "Predisposing factors of obesity in children with ADHD and in children without ADHD". She is certified in the use of the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, "Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development", at Churchill College, Cambridge and is certified in the use of the PAIS test for early detection of autism. In addition, she holds a Postgraduate Certificate in "Fundamentals of Developmental and Behavioural Pediatrics", from the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens. She has participated in numerous pediatric conferences with talks and posters. He has taken part in several voluntary activities, such as blood donations, immunizations of needy children, pediatrician in national examinations of children with special needs. Finally, he is proficient in English, French and Arabic.