Health professionals for Anxiety and Stress in Athens

Dr. Mpeis Ioannis is a Psychiatrist – Psychotherapist and maintains a private practice in Ilisia, Athens. He holds a degree from the Medical School of Aristotle University of Thessaloniki. He completed the majority of his specialty training in Germany, at the Vitos Philippshospital Riedstadt psychiatric clinic and the MEDIAN Klinik NRZ Wiesbaden neurological clinic. Concurrently, he trained in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) at IKVT Hessen (Institut für Kognitive Verhaltenstherapie) in Wiesbaden, where he attended the theoretical training program.

In Greece, he continued and completed his training at the Attica Psychiatric Hospital Dromokaiteio, undertaking additional specialty rotations at P.G.N. Attikon and G.N. Evangelismos. He also completed the theoretical part of his training in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy at the Society of Cognitive Behavioral Studies, while simultaneously applying psychotherapeutic interventions within his clinical practice framework and participating in supervision.

In his private practice, he primarily works psychotherapeutically, with an emphasis on approaches within the broader family of cognitive-behavioral therapies, while also providing pharmacological treatment when indicated, within the context of comprehensive psychiatric monitoring.

Η Έφη Πατσίκα είναι Ψυχολόγος, συμπεριφορική θεραπεύτρια και εκπ. Ψυχοθεραπεύτρια CBT. Διατηρεί ιδιωτικό γραφείο στην Αθήνα, στο οποίο παρέχει υπηρεσίες Συμβουλευτικής και Ψυχοθεραπείας, τόσο δια ζώσης, όσο και διαδικτυακά. Η κύρια θεραπευτική της προσέγγιση είναι η Γνωσιακή-Συμπεριφοριστική Θεραπεία (CBT), με έμφαση στις συμπεριφορικές παρεμβάσεις. Παράλληλα, αξιοποιεί στοιχεία από την ψυχοδυναμική θεωρία, προσαρμόζοντας την ψυχοθεραπευτική παρέμβαση στις ανάγκες του κάθε ατόμου. Στόχος της είναι να υποστηρίξει τους ανθρώπους προκειμένου να κατανοήσουν τα μοτίβα σκέψης και συμπεριφοράς που τους δυσκολεύουν, και να αναπτύξουν πιο λειτουργικούς τρόπους διαχείρισης της καθημερινότητας. Είναι απόφοιτη του Τμήματος Ψυχολογίας του Παντείου Πανεπιστημίου και κάτοχος μεταπτυχιακών τίτλων σπουδών στην «Αντιμετώπιση Εξαρτήσεων και Εξαρτησιολογία» και στην «Προαγωγή και Αγωγή Υγείας» από την Ιατρική Σχολή του Εθνικού και Καποδιστριακού Πανεπιστημίου Αθηνών. Έχει παρακολουθήσει και ολοκληρώσει πληθώρα μετεκπαιδευτικών προγραμμάτων, όπως στην Κλινική Ψυχοπαθολογία από το Αιγινήτειο Νοσοκομείο, στη Γνωσιακή-Συμπεριφοριστική Θεραπεία από το Πανεπιστήμιο Αιγαίου και στην Ψυχοδυναμική Κλινική Πρακτική από το Hope in Group Analysis. Επιπλέον, έχει εκπαιδευτεί στη Θεραπεία Συμπεριφοράς από το Ερευνητικό Πανεπιστημιακό Ινστιτούτο Ψυχικής Υγιεινής. Σήμερα συνεχίζει την εκπαίδευσή της στη Γνωσιακή-Συμπεριφορική Θεραπεία στο Κέντρο Εφαρμοσμένης Ψυχοθεραπείας και Συμβουλευτικής. Κατά τη διάρκεια της επαγγελματικής της πορείας, έχει εργαστεί σε δημόσιους και διεθνείς φορείς, παρέχοντας υπηρεσίες συμβουλευτικής και ψυχολογικής υποστήριξης σε ευάλωτες πληθυσμιακές ομάδες, όπως άστεγους (Δήμος Αθηναίων), γυναίκες θύματα έμφυλης βίας (Δήμος Λαρισαίων) και πρόσφυγες, τόσο στην Ελλάδα, όσο και στην Ουγγαρία, σε οργανισμούς όπως ο Διεθνής Οργανισμός Μετανάστευσης, το The Home Project και η Α.Ε.Μ.Υ. Α.Ε. Παράλληλα, εργάστηκε ως ερευνήτρια στο ευρωπαϊκό έργο Smart Bear, στο πλαίσιο του προγράμματος Horizon 2020, για τον Δήμο Παλαιού Φαλήρου. Είναι τακτικό μέλος του Συλλόγου Ελλήνων Ψυχολόγων και μέλος της Ελληνικής Εταιρείας Έρευνας της Συμπεριφοράς.

Eleni Panteleou is a Clinical Psychologist and maintains a private practice in the Ampelokipoi area, near the Panormou metro station, where she works psychotherapeutically with adults, adolescents, children, and parents. She graduated from the Department of Psychology at the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens and continued her studies by attending the three-year postgraduate program in Clinical Psychology at the same university. Simultaneously, she is undergoing Clinical Training at the FORUM OF PSYCHOANALYSIS OF THE LACANIAN FIELD OF ATHENS. Within the framework of the Clinical Psychology postgraduate program, she trained in the psychodiagnostic assessment of adults, adolescents, and children using psychometric and projective tools [Intelligence Tests WISC-V, WAIS-IV and projective tests Thematic Apperception Test (T.A.T.), Children's Apperception Test (C.A.T.), and Rorschach Inkblot Test (R-PAS)]. She has worked as a trainee Clinical Psychologist at the Day Center "Babel" as well as in the Liaison Psychiatry Department of the "Agia Sofia" Children's Hospital. Currently, she works as a Clinical Psychologist at the Prevention Center for Addictions and Promotion of Psychosocial Health of Elliniko-Argyroupoli "Heliotropio," in collaboration with the E.O.P.A.E., as well as in a Therapy Center for adults, children, and adolescents.

The INTERNUS counseling and psychotherapy center, led by clinical psychologist Mr. Kargakis Emmanouil - Internus, maintains offices in Heraklion, Rethymno, Chania, and Athens, offering a wide range of services concerning treatment, rehabilitation, prevention, and promotion of mental health, primarily based on Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT). Mr. Kargakis, a graduate of the Department of Psychology at Aristotle University of Thessaloniki with postgraduate studies in Clinical and Counseling Psychology at La Salle University of Philadelphia, and his experienced associates, supported by a modern and continuous framework of supervision, training, and professional development through attendance at national and international psychology conferences, ensure the provision of the most advanced mental health services. Over the years, our center has developed activities and collaborations with various organizations such as SOS Children's Villages, O.E.V.E.N.H, O.E.V.E.N.X, secondary education tutoring centers, schools of various levels, sports clubs, educational seminars for the general public, appearances on television and radio programs, and contributions to local blogs. Sessions are conducted by appointment either in person or online.

Papazoglou Sakis is a Psychologist - Psychotherapist and maintains a private practice in the Ampelokipoi area. He is a graduate of the Psychology Department of the European University Cyprus and has completed a four-year training in group analysis at the Hellenic Organization of Education and Psychotherapy in Group Analysis (HOPE in GA). Additionally, he has completed the training program: Basic Principles for Counseling and Psychotherapy with LGBTQ+ individuals, at ORLANDO LGBT+, Mental Health Without Stigma, as well as the Training Program in Learning Psychotherapeutic Techniques and Tools in the Synthetic Approach. Within the framework of his ongoing education, he is currently attending the postgraduate program Gender Studies: Methodologies, Theories, Politics at the Hellenic Open University (HOU). As a psychotherapist and group analyst, he has volunteered in various settings with psychiatric cases (Air Force General Hospital - 251 GNA), economically vulnerable social groups (Synypaksi - Network of Social Solidarity, Mental Support, and Culture), as well as rheumatic diseases (Hellenic Society for Rheumatic Disease - EL.E.AN.A.). At the Hellenic Organization of Education and Psychotherapy in Group Analysis, he is a lecturer for the seminars "LGBTQI+ Sensitization and Group Analysis" and "Violence in Society. Domestic Violence, A Psychodynamic Approach." In his private practice, he offers services across the full spectrum of Psychology, providing appropriate support to his clients.

Kosmidis Konstantinos is a psychologist with undergraduate studies at Marconi University in Rome and postgraduate training in Integrative Psychotherapy at Derby University in England. He has completed extensive practical training and has attended numerous seminars focusing on communication and interpersonal relationships. He maintains a private practice in America Square, in the center of Athens, and holds a professional license to practice. His goal is to provide meaningful and personalized support to individuals through a modern and integrative therapeutic approach, while continuously enhancing his knowledge through ongoing education.

Ο Κεβόπουλος Σταύρος είναι Ψυχολόγος - Ψυχοθεραπευτής και διατηρεί ιδιωτικό γραφείο στην Αθήνα. Διαθέτει παρουσία και εμπειρία τριιάντα χρόνων στον χώρο της ψυχικής υγείας, καθώς έχει εργαστεί σε δημόσιες και ιδιωτικές ψυχιατρικές δομές. Έχει εργαστεί στο Ψυχιατρικό Νοσοκομείο Αττικής, στην Ψυχιατρική Κλινική Αλεξανδρούπολης, στο πρόγραμμα απεξάρτησης 18 Άνω καθώς και σε ιδιωτικά θεραπευτικά πλαίσια.

Είναι μέλος του Ινστιτούτου Κλασικής Ψυχανάλυσης Αθηνών και εκπαιδευτής ψυχοδράματος. Διαθέτει πολυετή εμπειρία στην αντιμετώπιση κατάθλιψης, αγχωδών διαταραχών, κρίσεων πανικού, εξαρτήσεων από ουσίες και κάπνισμα, σεξουαλικών δυσκολιών και γενικότερα σύνθετων ψυχοπαθολογικών καταστάσεων, με έμφαση στη βαθύτερη ψυχοθεραπευτική κατανόηση και θεραπεία του ανθρώπου.

Psareli Kelly is a Psychologist, holder of a degree from the Department of Psychology at the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, and a Systemic Psychotherapist certified by the Psychotherapy Institute Ke.S.Me.Th. (Center for Systemic Study and Therapy), a certified center accredited by the European Family Therapy Association (EFTA). Her therapeutic approach is founded on key values such as reflection, self-observation, and a willingness to change perspective with the aim of resolving a problem. During therapy, the emerging issues are better understood within the system in which they appear. She has completed postgraduate seminars in Clinical Psychopathology and Clinical Skills in Psychopathology at the Research University Institute of Mental Health (EPIΨY) in collaboration with the 1st Psychiatric Clinic of the University of Athens – “Aeginiteio” Hospital, and the Educational Program “Mental Health of Children and Adolescents” at Sismanogleio Hospital. Throughout her educational and professional journey, she has worked in various mental health settings such as the Attica Psychiatric Hospitals “Dafni” and “Dromokaiteio,” KETHEA, 18 ANO, and International Non-Governmental Organizations, supporting adolescents, adults, parents, and families. Her work experience has exposed her to lived experiences of severe anxiety, fear, depression, grief, trauma, and other psychosocial issues. Currently, she is employed at the “Merimna” Counseling Center, providing counseling support to children and families experiencing grief and illness, while also offering individual sessions privately both online and in person.

Kyriakoulis Iasonas is a psychoanalytically-oriented psychologist. His primary concern in therapy, beyond models and approaches, is to help individuals who seek his assistance cope with the challenges of their lives, whatever form these may take. Specifically, he aims to help them find their own way to manage, their own answer to the questions they face. This commitment led him to volunteer with the "Synypaksi" network, where he provided psychological support sessions to the indigent for four years. Since graduating from the University of Crete in 2010, his theoretical pursuits guided him to his first postgraduate training in Cognitive Analytic Psychotherapy, and since 2020 he has continued his training in Lacanian psychoanalysis at the Academy of Clinical Studies in Athens. Since 2019, he has maintained a private practice in Ampelokipoi. 

Maria Krokou is a Psychologist – Psychotherapist, currently running a private practice at Kotzia Square, in the center of Athens. She graduated with distinction (grade: 8/10) from the Department of Psychology at the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, having been awarded a merit-based scholarship following an entrance examination. During her studies, she completed part of her academic training through an Erasmus scholarship at the Autonomous University of Madrid, where she focused on cognitive and behavioral techniques. In parallel, she participated for one year in the psychoeducational program of the Madrid City Council, Educamoscontigo, offering weekly online psychological support sessions to a secondary school student. She later completed a practical training program, also through an Erasmus scholarship, at the Las Torrecillas Therapeutic Educational Center of the NGO DIANOVA España, where she conducted psychoeducational classroom interventions as well as individual and group psychotherapy with adolescents facing recent addiction-related and emotional difficulties. Maria has also worked at the private psychotherapy center Moebius, where she participated in individual, family, group, and couples’ sessions, with a particular focus on psychosomatic conditions. Her supervisor there was Alicia Golijov, founder of the Iberian Neuropsychoanalysis Association. Currently, she works as a self-employed psychologist – psychotherapist, offering individual therapy for adolescents and adults. Her clinical focus includes supporting individuals in their parenting role, exploring ambivalence in relationships, promoting self-awareness, interrupting dysfunctional repetitive patterns, reducing distressing symptoms, building self-confidence, and enhancing relational capacity, among others. In the past, she has also worked at the “Anagennisi” Creative Employment Center for Individuals with Autism, supporting individuals with co-occurring symptoms such as ADHD, selective mutism, social withdrawal, and relational difficulties. Additionally, she worked as a shadow teacher for a first-year high school student facing emotional, social, and learning challenges. Maria completed her internship through an ESPA program at the Family Therapy Unit of the Psychiatric Hospital of Attica, where she participated in observation groups of family therapy sessions as well as systemic psychotherapy groups. She has also completed, among other programs, the one-year Postgraduate Clinical Training Program for Psychologists at the 1st Psychiatric Clinic of the University of Athens (Aiginiteio Hospital), where she coordinated group sessions with individuals on the psychotic spectrum at the hospital’s Day Unit. She is currently completing her training at the Hellenic Association for Analytic Group and Family Psychotherapy.

Therapy sessions are also available in Spanish.

Konstantina Skourla is a Psychologist - Psychotherapist and maintains a private practice at the Megaron Concert Hall. She is a graduate of the Department of Psychology at Panteion University of Social and Political Sciences and has completed postgraduate training in Clinical Psychopathology and Clinical Skills in Psychopathology "Panagiotis Oulis" at the First Psychiatric Clinic of the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (Research University Institute of Mental Health & Promotion of Knowledge in Mental Disorders), as well as postgraduate training in "Early Intervention in Psychosis" at the Research University Institute of Mental Health (EPI Psy). Furthermore, she is completing her clinical specialization in Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (C.B.T.) at the Institute for Research and Therapy of Behavior (I.E.TH.S.) and in Dialectical Behavior Therapy at the Hellenic Society for Behavioral Research (EEES). She works as a Psychologist - Psychotherapist in the Adult Therapy Department of the Institute for Research and Therapy of Behavior and in her private practice. Previously, she has collaborated with the Animus Corpus Psychotherapeutic Center and has worked as a Psychologist at the Mental Health Center of Peristeri and at the Special Child Care Center of the Naval Hospital of Piraeus. Lastly, sessions are conducted both in-person and remotely.

Dr. Katsamas Dionysis is a Psychologist with a private practice located in the Ampelokipoi area. He graduated with a BSc (Hons) in Psychology and holds a postgraduate MA in Counselling and Psychotherapy from the University of East London. Concurrently, he practiced professionally at the Petroupoli Counseling Center and with Médecins Sans Frontières. He has been actively working in the field for the past 10 years, with a particular focus on the challenging period of lockdown through online and home-based sessions. Additionally, he is an active volunteer in the Municipality of Athens. His further training in an integrative theoretical model—covering 1) person-centered, 2) cognitive-behavioral, and 3) psychodynamic therapy—and his professional development since 2013 through workshops and clinical sessions have enabled him to adapt to the individual needs of each client, establishing a therapeutic environment of trust and intimacy. He is also continuing his postgraduate studies, further expanding his expertise into new areas. The office is conveniently located within a short distance from the Panormou Metro station, where in this welcoming space, you will have the opportunity to receive his services characterized by unconditional acceptance, hope, empathy, the establishment of dialogue, and scientific rigor.

Haroula Tsatsani is a Psychologist, graduate of the Department of Psychology at the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (NKUA), and a Relational Psychoanalytic Psychotherapist, certified by the Institute of Relational and Group Psychotherapy (ISOPS). She is a member of the International Association for Relational Psychoanalysis and Psychotherapy (IARPP) and the American Group Psychotherapy Association (AGPA). She has successfully completed the Master's Program in "Clinical Management of Addictions" at the Athens Medical School and has extensive clinical experience in public and private mental health institutions. She has collaborated with Day Centers (Ariadni–KMOP, Galini–Prometheus), the Psychological Support Hotline 10306, primary and secondary education schools as a school psychologist, as well as hospitals such as "Evangelismos". Additionally, she has experience in the diagnosis and treatment of sexual dysfunctions, as well as supporting children and adolescents in shelters for unaccompanied minors. Currently, she maintains a private practice in Mets, providing psychotherapy to adults and adolescents facing difficulties in interpersonal relationships, mental disorders, psychosomatic symptoms, addictions, and other challenges. Simultaneously, she collaborates with the psychotherapeutic center "Psychoplefsi" in Athens and the Konstantakou office in Western Attica. She holds a Professional Practice License as a Psychologist (7894/12.10.2016) and receives consistent supervision and training, continuously advancing her personal and professional development.

Αναζητάς Life Coach και θέλεις να διασφαλίσεις ότι ο άνθρωπος με τον οποίο θα συνεργαστείς θα μπορεί να σε υποστηρίξει σε βάθος; Ως ψυχολόγος MSc, εκπαιδευμένη στο life coaching, η Ιωάννα Λευκαδίτη σε στηρίζει σε κάθε σου βήμα προς τους στόχους σου, με την εμπιστοσύνη ότι μπορείτε να σηκώσετε μαζί όποιο εμπόδιο από το παρελθόν προκύψει. Αν νιώθεις έτοιμος/η να εξελιχθείς, να αξιοποιήσεις τις δυνάμεις σου και να ξεπεράσεις περιορισμούς, αυτός είναι ένας χώρος που θα σε πλαισιώσει και θα σε υποστηρίξει απόλυτα. Εδώ σχεδιάζουμε και υλοποιούμε ένα πλάνο δράσης για τους τομείς της ζωής σου που σε ενδιαφέρει να βελτιώσεις, ενισχύοντας την αυτοπεποίθησή σου και ανοίγοντας δρόμους για μια ζωή γεμάτη νόημα και πληρότητα.

Η Λευκαδίτη Ιωάννα MSc είναι Life Coach με σπουδές στην Ψυχολογία και μεταπτυχιακή εκπαίδευση στην Κλινική Ψυχολογία στο University of Wales, Bangor. Έχει εκπαιδευτεί ως Life Coach στο Εθνικό Καποδιστριακό Πανεπιστήμιο. Η δουλειά της εστιάζει στην προσωπική εξέλιξη, την αυτογνωσία και την ενδυνάμωση, μέσα από μια προσωποκεντρική και ουσιαστική συνεργασία.

Στις συνεδρίες, δημιουργείται ένας ασφαλής και υποστηρικτικός χώρος όπου μπορείς να ξεκαθαρίσεις τι θέλεις πραγματικά, να αναγνωρίσεις τις αξίες και τις δυνατότητές σου και να μετατρέψεις τη σκέψη σε πράξη. Η διαδικασία είναι προσαρμοσμένη στον δικό σου ρυθμό και έχει στόχο να σε βοηθήσει να διαχειρίζεσαι πιο αποτελεσματικά το άγχος, τις εσωτερικές συγκρούσεις και τις προκλήσεις της καθημερινότητας, χτίζοντας μεγαλύτερη αυτοπεποίθηση και εσωτερική ισορροπία.

Η συνεργασία ξεκινά με μια πρώτη συνεδρία γνωριμίας, όπου διερευνάται το αίτημά σου και ορίζονται οι στόχοι της διαδικασίας. Εφόσον υπάρξει κοινό έδαφος, σχεδιάζεται μαζί το πλαίσιο και η συχνότητα των συνεδριών.

Είτε επιθυμείς μεγαλύτερη διαύγεια και σταθερότητα, αυτογνωσία και διευρυνση της ικανότητας σου για λήψη αποφάσεων, είτε επιθυμείς να βελτιώσεις τις σχέσεις σου με τον εαυτό σου και τους γύρω σου δημιουργώντας εντέλει μια ζωή που να αντανακλά ποιος/ποια είσαι σήμερα, εδώ είναι ο κατάλληλος χώρος.

Maggana Efi is a Psychologist - Clinical Hypnotherapist and operates her private practice in Kolonaki, where she addresses a wide range of psychological issues including anxiety disorders, depression, interpersonal relationship challenges, and personality disorders. She holds a degree in Psychology from Panteion University of Social and Political Sciences. Additionally, she earned a Master's degree in Occupational Psychology from the University of East London and a second Master's degree in Health and Occupational Psychology from the University of Paris, Université Paris 8.

Furthermore, she completed a one-year training program and internship in Clinical Hypnotherapy at the Institut Français d’Hypnose in Paris. She has professional experience as a Mental Health Counselor and HR consultant, having worked in France at the "Hôpital Kremlin-Bicêtre" in Paris and in Greece at the “EANP METAΞA” hospital.

She is currently undertaking further training in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy at the DDEEΨY (Department of Psychological Education and Clinical Training) and regularly participates in various professional seminars in Psychology.

Η Νικολουζάκη Εμμανουέλα είναι Ψυχολόγος - Ψυχοθεραπεύτρια και διατηρεί ιδιωτικό γραφείο στα Ιλίσια. Είναι απόφοιτη του τμήματος Ψυχολογίας Αριστοτελείου Πανεπιστημίου Θεσσαλονίκης. Κατέχει Μεταπτυχιακό Δίπλωμα (MSc) στη Διασυνδετική Ψυχιατρική: Απαρτιωμένη φροντίδα σωματικής και ψυχικής υγείας της Ιατρικής Σχολής του Εθνικού & Καποδιστριακού Πανεπιστημίου Αθηνών. Η θεωρητική της κατάρτιση αρχικά αφορούσε τη συστημική θεραπεία, καθώς ολοκλήρωσε την τετραετή εκπαίδευση (1880 ωρών) στην Εταιρία Συστημικής Θεραπείας και Παρεμβασης σε Άτομα, Οικογένειες και ευρύτερα Συστήματα (ΕΣΥΘΕΠΑΣ).

Έπειτα εξελίχθηκε και προσέγγισε θεωρητικά και κλινικά την ψυχανάλυση λακανικού προσανατολισμού στην οποία εκπαιδεύεται πάνω από τέσσερα έτη στο Κέντρο Ψυχαναλυτικών Ερευνών, το οποίο εντάσσεται στις εκπαιδευτικές δραστηριότητες του Ινστιτούτου του Φροϋδικού Πεδίου. 

 Στην αρχή της επαγγελματικής της πορείας συνεργαζόταν με το κέντρο ειδικής αγωγής "Διά..Λόγου Τέχνη" και την Ανώνυμη Μη Κερδοσκοπική Εταιρία "Διάδραση" για την πρόληψη του ηλεκτρονικού εθισμού. Έπειτα εργάστηκε ως Ψυχολόγος στη Δευτεροβάθμια Εκπαίδευση του Υπουργείου Παιδείας και Θρησκευμάτων και τα τελευταία 4 συναπτά έτη ως Ψυχολόγος στο Κέντρο Ημέρας "Λωτός" του Ελληνικού Κέντρου Διαπολιτισμικής Ψυχιατρικής και Περίθαλψης "Κωστής Μπάλλας", το οποίο εντάσσεται στο Υπουργείο Υγείας. Πλέον ιδιωτεύει στα Ιλίσια. 

Ο Freud, σε μια επιστολή του προς τον Georg Groddeck το 1924, έγραφε ότι "είναι δύσκολο να ασκεί κάνεις την ψυχανάλυση σε απομόνωση· είναι ένα εξόχως κοινωνικό εγχείρημα".

Η ψυχανάλυση συνιστά μια διαδικασία μέσω της οποίας το άτομο μπορεί να προσεγγίσει και να ανακαλύψει το ασυνείδητό του, στον βαθμό που το ίδιο επιθυμεί. Παράλληλα αποτελεί έναν τρόπο κατανόησης και αντιμετώπισης της υποκειμενικής του αλήθειας και μοναδικότητας, καθώς και του προσωπικού του συμπτώματος, το οποίο επαναλαμβάνεται. Ο ψυχαναλυτής δεν παρέχει έτοιμες λύσεις ούτε καθοδηγεί τον αναλυόμενο. Η ηθική της ψυχανάλυσης έγκειται ακριβώς στη διατήρηση, εκ μέρους του ψυχαναλυτή, της ευθύνης του ερωτήματος, της αμφιβολίας και της συνεχούς αναδιατύπωσης, χωρίς την προσφυγή σε καμία μορφή αυθεντίας. Συνεπώς στην ψυχαναλυτική διαδικασία είναι ο ίδιος ο αναλυόμενος που «καθοδηγεί» τη θεραπεία, καθώς παρακινείται από το ασυνείδητό του να εκφράσει όσα αγνοεί για τον εαυτό του.