Doctors for Arthroplasty

Mourikis Euaggelos MD, MSc is a Sports Medicine Physician and Orthopedic Surgeon – Consultant for Adults/Children at Euroclinic and the Medical Center of Palaio Faliro. He manages surgical cases across the entire spectrum of orthopedics including Arthroscopy/Arthroplasty/Fractures/Nerve Entrapment Syndromes. He has particular interest and expertise in the conservative management of orthopedic conditions, offering a wide range of therapeutic options such as Chiropractic/Osteopathy, Acupuncture, Medical Injections of biologics including PRP, Cortisone, Hyaluronic Acid (guided by ultrasound/fluoroscopy), advanced pharmacological treatments, Exercise Therapy/Physiotherapy, or even combinations of therapeutic methods. He graduated from the Medical School of the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens and specialized in Orthopedics at the General Hospital of Athens "Evangelismos" and the Spine Department of G.N.A. KAT, as well as in Pediatric Orthopedics at the Athens Children's General Hospital "Agia Sofia." He has undergone further training 1) in Musculoskeletal Ultrasound at Sonopedics United Kingdom, 2) in Medical Acupuncture from ICMART, and 3) in Chiropractic/Osteopathy at Ackermann College Sweden. His primary concern is always to find the most accurate diagnosis that explains the patient’s symptoms and to approach the problem holistically. Subsequently, both surgical and non-surgical options are offered to resolve the issue, and the most appropriate choice is made based on the patient’s preferences and lifestyle.

Mandals Konstantinos is an Orthopedic Surgeon with a private practice in Kaisariani. He graduated from the Medical School of the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens and completed his specialty training in the Orthopedic Clinic of the General Hospital of Athens "G. Gennimatas," at the General Children's Hospital "P. & A. Kyriakou," and at the Special Anti-Cancer Hospital of Piraeus "Metaxa." During his specialty training, he participated in 1120 surgeries, either as the primary or assistant surgeon, dealing with fractures and dislocations as well as chronic orthopedic cases, such as knee and hip arthroplasties, knee and shoulder arthroscopies, spinal fusions, and discectomies. To date, he has numerous publications in Greek and international conferences, actively participating as a speaker, maintaining excellent training, deep knowledge, and continuous professional development in his field. Finally, he is a member of the Athens Medical Association, the AO Foundation, the Hellenic Society of Orthopedic Surgery and Traumatology, and the Hellenic Osteoporosis Foundation.

Ο Μακρής Κωνσταντίνος είναι Ορθοπαιδικός Χειρουργός, Τραυματιολόγος, Αθλητίατρος, MD, MSc και διατηρεί ιδιωτικά ιατρεία στο Μαρούσι και στο Κολωνάκι. Έχει εκπαιδευτεί σε κορυφαία Πανεπιστημιακά και Νοσοκομειακά Ιδρύματα, αναπτύσσοντας διεθνή εμπειρία στην Ορθοπαιδική Χειρουργική και τις Αθλητικές Κακώσεις. Πραγματοποίησε την ειδικότητά του στο Γενικό Πανεπιστημιακό Νοσοκομείο "Παπαγεωργίου", στο Γενικό Νοσοκομείο Καβάλας και στο Γενικό Νοσοκομείο Θεσσαλονίκης "Γ. Γεννηματάς", αποκτώντας σημαντική εμπειρία σε προηγμένες χειρουργικές επεμβάσεις και σύγχρονες τεχνικές θεραπείας. Εξειδικεύεται στην ολική αρθροπλαστική ισχίου, γόνατος και ώμου, καθώς και στην αρθροσκόπηση αθλητικών κακώσεων, εφαρμόζοντας ελάχιστα επεμβατικές τεχνικές που προσφέρουν άμεση ανακούφιση και ταχεία αποκατάσταση των ασθενών. Είναι αριστούχος κάτοχος Μεταπτυχιακού Διπλώματος στην Αθλητιατρική από το Αριστοτέλειο Πανεπιστήμιο Θεσσαλονίκης. Έχει συμμετάσχει σε πληθώρα διεθνών σεμιναρίων και συνεδρίων, παρακολουθώντας τις τελευταίες εξελίξεις στον τομέα της Ορθοπαιδικής παγκοσμίως. Διαθέτει κλινική εμπειρία στο Βερολίνο, Γερμανίας. Σήμερα, είναι συνεργάτης του Νοσοκομείου ΜΗΤΕΡΑ στο Μαρούσι Αττικής, όπου εφαρμόζει προηγμένες θεραπευτικές μεθόδους με έμφαση στην εξατομικευμένη φροντίδα των ασθενών του. Ο κ. Μακρής είναι μέλος της Ελληνικής Εταιρίας Αρθροσκόπησης (ΕΑΕ), Χειρουργικής Γόνατος και Αθλητικών Κακώσεων.

Georgios Xristodoulakis is an Orthopedic Surgeon and Director of the Orthopedic Department at the private clinic "Piraikos Therapeutirio." He sees his patients in Votanikos, Piraeus, and Kypseli. He graduated with honors from the Medical School and holds an Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS) certification. He is a Scientific Associate at the private clinic Iatriko Psychikou and the private hospital "Mitera." Additionally, he has worked at major hospitals in Athens, including Asklipieio Voula, the Military Fund Nursing Institution, the General Children's Hospital of Athens "Panagiotis and Aglaia Kyriakou," the General Thoracic Diseases Hospital of Athens "Sotiria," and the Plastic Surgery Clinic of the 6th IKA Therapeutic Center "G. Gennimatas." He has over 70 presentations at accredited international and Greek conferences and more than 100 conference participations, ensuring that he remains informed about all current advancements in modern Orthopedics. Finally, Dr. Xristodoulakis is a member of the Athens Medical Association and the Hellenic Osteoporosis Foundation.

Dr. Xarisis Mixail is an Orthopedic Surgeon specializing in adult and pediatric care and is the head of the Arthroiasis Surgical Center in Thessaloniki. He maintains a ground-floor clinic in Thessaloniki, easily accessible for individuals with mobility issues. He graduated from the Medical School of Aristotle University of Thessaloniki and holds a Master's Degree from the Anatomy Laboratory of AUTH, with a scientific thesis titled: "Anatomical study of the origin, course, and distribution of the suprascapular and subscapular nerves." His clinical activity focuses on adult reconstructive surgery (minimally invasive (MIS) total knee, hip, and shoulder arthroplasties), sports injuries, arthroscopic techniques, and modern biological therapies, having performed numerous surgical procedures in these areas. He obtained his Orthopedic specialty at the General Hospital of Kilkis and subsequently trained at the Upper Limb and Hand Surgery Department of Sahlgrenska University Hospital in Gothenburg, Sweden, under the supervision of the internationally renowned Professor Anders Björkman. During this advanced training, he acquired a high level of expertise in microsurgical techniques and in the management of complex conditions and injuries of the upper limb and hand. Additionally, he actively participates in the scientific community as a speaker at conferences and seminars, while continuously attending specialized workshops and educational programs to ensure ongoing development and enhancement of his knowledge. He is affiliated with the Medical Interbalkan and Euromedica Cyan Cross facilities in Thessaloniki.

Dimitrios Xrysovitsianos is an Orthopedic Surgeon who maintains a private practice in Ilion. He holds a degree from the Medical School of the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens and specialized in Orthopedics - Orthopedic Surgery at the Attikon General Hospital of Athens KAT. He is specialized in microsurgery, upper limb and hand surgery, sports injuries, pediatric and adult trauma, osteoporosis, arthritis treatment, hip and knee arthroplasties, and foot disorders. He serves as the Chief of the Orthopedic Clinic of the Upper Limb Surgery - Traumatology Department at Euroclinic Athens, as well as Consultant at the First Pediatric Orthopedic Clinic of the Marousi Medical Center. Additionally, he is a member of the SOS Doctors. Previously, he has served as Consultant in Upper Limb Surgery at Metropolitan Hospital. He has significant professional experience in private hospitals in Athens, having worked in these institutions since 2001. Finally, the doctor has participated in numerous lectures and orthopedic conferences and has authored many medical papers, aiming for continuous engagement with advancements in his field.

Orthopedic surgeon Ntousis Dionysios is a graduate of the Medical School of Athens, where he also completed his postgraduate specialization in Metabolic Bone Diseases. He has maintained his private practice in the Alimos area since 2016, diligently addressing the orthopedic issues of his fellow citizens with a sense of responsibility, professionalism, and excellent, modern, evidence-based scientific knowledge. Guided by the individualized approach to each patient's needs and aiming to improve the quality of life of those he serves, the physician manages all orthopedic conditions both conservatively and surgically.

The physician's areas of expertise include, among others, the surgical treatment of foot disorders, sports injuries of the knee (anterior cruciate ligament and meniscus tears), shoulder (shoulder dislocation), and knee and hip arthroplasty.

Dr. Tsoutsanis Athanasios holds a PhD from the University of Athens and is the Director of the 6th Orthopedic Clinic at HYGEIA Hospital. He maintains a private practice at HYGEIA Hospital as well as in Kifisia (opposite KAT Hospital). His initial postgraduate training was completed at the University Orthopedic Clinic of the renowned Rizzoli Hospital in Bologna, Italy, specializing in arthroplasty surgery. Subsequently, he trained in Paris in the innovative minimally invasive AMIS technique for hip arthroplasty and is a certified instructor of this technique. After performing thousands of hip arthroplasty surgeries, he was designated as one of the official reference centers in Europe for training orthopedic surgeons in the AMIS technique. He performed the first live surgery using the AMIS technique in Greece as part of an educational seminar on hip arthroplasty.

He specialized in knee arthroplasty using the minimally invasive MIK technique.

He trained in the United Kingdom and Luxembourg and is a certified user of the MAKO and NAVIO robotic systems for total knee arthroplasty.

Ο Κυριακόπουλος Σταμάτης Dr. είναι Ορθοπαιδικός - Ορθοπαιδικός Χειρουργός και διατηρεί ιδιωτικό ιατρείο στη Νέα Φιλοθέη ασκώντας την ειδικότητα της Ορθοπαιδικής για 20 έτη. Ειδικεύτηκε στην Α’ Ορθοπαιδική Κλινική του Γενικού Νοσοκομείου Αττικής “ΚΑΤ” και έχει μετεκπαιδευτεί στην Ορθοπαιδική Ογκολογία στο Γενικό Ογκολογικό Νοσοκομείο “Οι Άγιοι Ανάργυροι”, στα πλαίσια υποτροφίας από την Ορθοπαιδική εταιρεία ΕΕΧΟΤ. Είναι μέλος του Κολλεγίου των Ελλήνων Ορθοπαιδικών ΚΕΟΧ κατόπιν εξετάσεων και κάτοχος δύο μεταπτυχιακών μετεκπαιδεύσεων Master, με το ένα να είναι στα μεταβολικά νοσήματα των οστών (οστεοπόρωση). Έχει υπηρετήσει σε πολλά δημόσια νοσοκομεία της επαρχίας και των Αθηνών, κατέχει τον βαθμό του Διευθυντή ΕΣΥ και επιστημονικά υπεύθυνου Ορθοπαιδικής κλινικής και έχει πλούσια εμπειρία στην θεραπεία μικρών και μεγάλων καταγμάτων. Ασχολείται ιδιαίτερα με τις αρθροπλαστικές μεγάλων αρθρώσεων, ειδικά γόνατος και ισχίου, με προσπελάσεις ελάχιστης παρεμβατικότητας και με ρομποτικά συστήματα υποβοήθησης.

Επίσης κατέχει μεγάλη εμπειρία σε χειρουργικές επεμβάσεις άνω άκρου όπως τα κατάγματα, τα πιεστικά συνδρομα, ο καρπιαίος σωλήνας και ο εκτινασσόμενος δάκτυλος και ασχολείται με αρθροσκόπηση γόνατος όπως η ρήξη χιαστών ,μηνίσκων ή χόνδρινων βλαβών. Δείχνει ειδικό ενδιαφέρον στη θεραπεία της οστεοπόρωσης και σε βιολογικές θεραπείες όπως η αυτόλογη έγχυση αιμοπεταλίων, η καλλιεργεια οστεοβλαστών και η έγχυση υαλουρονικού σε αρθρώσεις.

Dr Loupas Dimitrios is an Orthopedic Surgeon and maintains a private practice in Chalandri. He graduated from the Medical School of the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens. He specialized at the University Orthopedic Clinic at KAT Hospital and completed his doctoral dissertation at the Medical School of the University of Athens. He specialized in sports injuries (Sports Injuries Clinic at KAT) and at the Athens Medical Center (under the direction of L. Nikolaou). Additionally, the doctor has worked at the 1st and 3rd IKA Hospitals and has served as Director of the Orthopedic Clinic of the General Hospital of Athens "Evangelismos". He is involved in general orthopedic surgical conditions, with a specialization in disorders of the hand and knee (including knee arthroscopy) and total knee and hip arthroplasties.

Dimitrakis Nikolaos MD, MSc is an Orthopedic Surgeon and serves as an Assistant Consultant at the General Hospital "Asklipieio" Voula. He maintains a private practice in Glyfada within MEDIONE. He specialized in the Orthopedic Clinic - Sports Injuries Department at the General Hospital "Asklipieio" Voula, as well as at the General Children's Hospital "Agia Sofia" and the General Children's Hospital "P. & A. Kyriakou." As part of his specialty training, he was trained in the Hand - Upper Limb - Microsurgery Department at the Attica General Hospital KAT. He has completed postgraduate studies in "Metabolic Bone Diseases" at the Medical School of the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, with a thesis on ''Congenital and Neuromuscular Scoliosis.'' He has also undergone further training in preventive screening for spinal deformities in students at the General Hospital of Piraeus "Tzaneio." In his practice, he manages cases spanning the entire spectrum of orthopedics, orthopedic surgery, and pediatric orthopedics, with specialization in traumatology, sports injuries, arthroscopy, and arthroplasty. Furthermore, the doctor has participated in numerous conferences and seminars both in Greece and internationally and is a member of the Hellenic Society of Orthopedic Surgery and Traumatology. Holder of the Diploma of the

Hellenic Spine Society 

Armakolas Nikolaos MD, MSc, PhD is an Orthopedic Surgeon and maintains a private practice in Nea Smyrni. He holds a Doctorate from the Medical School of the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens with a Master’s Degree in "Metabolic Bone Diseases" from the same University. Additionally, he is a Scientific Collaborator at the 3rd Orthopedic Clinic of the General Hospital of Attica KAT, at the "Hygeia" Clinic in Marousi, and at the private clinic "Leto" in Kalamata, while also collaborating with major clinics such as the Iatriko and Mediterraneo Hospital. At his practice, he provides comprehensive information and appropriate treatment tailored to each patient’s needs, following the most modern techniques. Finally, the doctor is a member of the Medical Association of Athens, the Medical Association of the United Kingdom, and the Medical Association of Sweden.

Georgoudis Mixalis is an Orthopedic Surgeon – Spine Surgeon and maintains private practices in Chalkida, as well as within Metropolitan Hospital in Faliro.

He graduated from the Medical Department of Democritus University of Thrace. He has worked as an Orthopedic Surgeon in the 2nd Orthopedic Clinic and as a Resident Orthopedic Surgeon in the Scoliosis and Spine Department and in the Pediatric Orthopedics Clinic of the G.N.A KAT General Hospital. He is specialized in hip and knee arthroplasty, arthroscopic surgery, and spinal surgery.

He serves as an External Associate of Metropolitan Hospital in Faliro and the Athens Medical Center – Psychiko Clinic. He has served as Director of the 2nd Orthopedic Department at Euroclinic Athens, as well as Consultant of the Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery Department (MISS) at the Athens Medical Center. Additionally, as a resident, he worked at the General Prefectural Hospital of Chalkida and the General Hospital of Chios "Skylitseio".

He has participated in numerous national and international scientific conferences and seminars, with his scientific work published and presented in medical journals and conferences respectively. Particularly noteworthy is the Travel Fellowship he received from the E.E.X.O.T. for his participation in the FORTE Summer School held in 2018 in Milan.

Finally, the doctor is a member of the Medical Associations of Athens and Evia, the Hellenic Society of Orthopedic Surgery and Traumatology, and the Hellenic Osteoporosis Foundation.

Dr. Sarantis Mixalis, MD, MSc, PhDc, is an Orthopedic Surgeon with a private practice in Psychiko. Concurrently, he serves as an Orthopedic Consultant specializing in Sports Injuries at Metropolitan Hospital. He has extensive experience, having completed his specialization at the General Children's Hospital "Agia Sofia" and the 4th Orthopedic Clinic of G.N.A. KAT, while also specializing at the same hospital in the Hand-Upper Limb-Microsurgery Clinic, the Sports Injuries Department, and the Pediatric Orthopedic Clinic. In 2018, he successfully completed advanced training in pediatric orthopedic trauma and pediatric skeletal deformities at the Orthopedic Hospital Speising (Vienna, Austria). Since 2019, he holds a Master's degree in "Metabolic Bone Diseases - Osteoporosis" from the Medical School of the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens. In 2020, he was appointed as a doctoral candidate by the Medical School of Athens, and since then he has been pursuing his doctoral thesis at the 2nd Orthopedic University Clinic of the University of Athens (Konstantopouleio Hospital – Agia Olga). He is an active member of the European Paediatric Orthopaedic Society (EPOS), the European Society for Sports Traumatology Knee Surgery and Arthroscopy (ESSKA), the Hellenic Society of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology (EEHOT), and the Athens Medical Association. Finally, he has a rich academic portfolio, authoring numerous publications in peer-reviewed international journals (PUBMED) and actively participating in presentations at Greek and international conferences.

Magarakis Georgios is an Orthopedic Surgeon and maintains a private practice in Heraklion, Crete. He studied Medicine at Aristotle University of Thessaloniki and completed postgraduate studies in Surgery at the University of Crete. He possesses clinical experience from working in hospitals in Crete as well as research experience, which is reflected in the numerous scientific studies and publications he has authored.

Alafropatis Ilias is an Orthopedic Surgeon maintaining a private practice in Evosmos, Thessaloniki. He graduated from the Medical School of Aristotle University of Thessaloniki. He began his specialization at the Surgical Clinic of the General Hospital of Lamia, continued at the Orthopedic Clinic of the General Hospital of Kavala, and subsequently was appointed to the 3rd University Orthopedic Clinic of Aristotle University of Thessaloniki at Papageorgiou General Hospital. He obtained the specialist title in Orthopedic Surgery and Traumatology after successful examinations in 2015 and concurrently received the diploma of the Hellenic College of Orthopedic Surgeons. He has been a scientific collaborator of the 3rd University Orthopedic Clinic of Aristotle University of Thessaloniki since obtaining his specialty to the present day. He served as an Orthopedic consultant for the MDA Hellas department operating in the 2nd University Pediatric Clinic of Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, where adults and children with neuromuscular disorders are treated. Throughout his scientific career, he has participated in numerous conferences, seminars, and educational events, contributed to the authorship of various scientific papers in Greek and international scientific journals, authored a book published by an international publisher of scientific monographs, and has been involved in the education of medical students at the Medical School of Aristotle University of Thessaloniki. Finally, the physician has been trained in a broad spectrum of orthopedic surgeries encompassing both trauma surgery and reconstructive orthopedic surgery, with particular interest in upper limb and hand pathologies, and has established collaborations with all private clinics in Thessaloniki.

Ο Κουτσουράδης Παναγιώτης MD, MSc είναι Ορθοπαιδικός Χειρουργός με ιδιωτικό ιατρείο στο Παλαιό Φάληρο. Είναι πτυχιούχος της Ιατρικής Σχολής του Εθνικού και Καποδιστριακού Πανεπιστημίου Αθηνών και εργάστηκε ως ειδικευόμενος Γενικής Χειρουργικής στη Β΄Χειρουργική Κλινική του Ειδικού Αντικαρκινικού Νοσοκομείου Πειραιά "Μεταξά". Μετέπειτα έγινε δεκτός στο University College of London (UCL), όπου και παρακολούθησε το μεταπτυχιακό πρόγραμμα με αντικείμενο την αθλητιατρική και τις αθλητικές κακώσεις (Sports Medicine, Exercise and Health). Παράλληλα, παρακολουθούσε και συμμετείχε σε χειρουργικές επεμβάσεις που λάμβαναν χώρα στο University College Hospital του Λονδίνου. Κατόπιν εξετάσεων και εκπόνησης της μεταπτυχιακής διατριβής του με τίτλο "A Service Evaluation On Outcome Predictors To A Non-operative Multimodal Programme For Knee Osteoarthritis", έγινε κάτοχος του τίτλου Master of Science (MSc) in Sports Medicine, Exercise and Health. Απέκτησε τον τίτλο ειδικότητας κατόπιν εξετάσεων τον Μάιο του 2019. Aπό το 2014 έως το 2019, ειδικεύτηκε στην Ορθοπαιδική Χειρουργική και Τραυματολογία. Συγκεκριμένα εργάστηκε για 4 έτη στην Ορθοπαιδική Κλινική του 417 ΝΙΜΤΣ και για 1 έτος στην Α΄ Ορθοπαιδική Κλινική του Νοσοκομείου Παίδων "Η Αγία Σοφία". Κατά τη διάρκεια του ανωτέρω χρονικού διαστήματος εκπαιδεύτηκε σε όλο το φάσμα της Χειρουργικής Ορθοπαιδικής και Τραυματολογίας και ιδιαίτερα στην αρθροσκοπική και επανορθωτική χειρουργική ενηλίκων. Από τον Ιούλιο του 2019 έως και τον Μάιο του 2024 εργαζόταν ως Επιμελητής στην Κλινική Επανορθωτικής Χειρουργικής Ποδιού και Ποδοκνημικής του ιδιωτικού θεραπευτηρίου Mediterraneo Hospital στη Γλυφάδα, ενώ από τον Ιούνιο του 2024 κατέχει ανάλογη θέση στο Ιατρικό Κέντρο Αθηνών(Παλαιό Φάληρο). Από το Φεβρουάριο του 2019 ο ιατρός είναι υποψήφιος διδάκτωρ της Ιατρικής Σχολής του Εθνικού και Καποδιστριακού Πανεπιστημίου Αθηνών.Είναι συγγραφέας εννέα δημοσιεύσεων σε διεθνή αναγνωρισμένα επιστημονικά περιοδικά, καθώς και άλλων εργασιών και ανακοινώσεων σε ελληνικά επιστημονικά συνέδρια. Τέλος, στα πλαίσια της συνεχούς πρακτικής και θεωρητικής του εκπαίδευσης έχει εκπαιδευθεί και πιστοποιηθεί σε διάφορα courses που έλαβαν χώρα στην Ελλάδα και στο εξωτερικό, ενώ παράλληλα έχει παρακολουθήσει και παρακολουθεί διάφορα επιμορφωτικά σεμινάρια.

Giantsidis N Georgios MD, MSc is a Military Physician, Orthopedic Surgeon and consultant at the 1st Orthopedic Department of the 424 General Military Training Hospital. He maintains a private practice in Thessaloniki, in the Voulgari area. He graduated from the Medical School of the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (Military Medicine) in 2012 and subsequently served as a physician in Special Forces Military Units. He completed his specialty training at the 424 General Military Hospital and the General Hospital of Thessaloniki "Georgios Papanikolaou." During his residency, he performed numerous orthopedic surgeries, participated in many fracture repair and orthopedic disorder surgeries, trained in urgent and routine cases of his specialty, and actively contributed to the scientific work of his clinic. Since then, he has been serving as an orthopedic consultant at the 1st Orthopedic Department of the 424 General Military Training Hospital, performing a large number of surgical procedures annually across the full spectrum of Orthopedic specialty. He actively participates in postgraduate seminars and conferences to continuously update and enhance his knowledge of the latest advances and developments in Orthopedic Surgery and Traumatology.

Vottis Xristos MD, PhD is an Orthopedic Surgeon with private practices in Ilisia and Neo Psychiko. He holds a doctorate and a degree from the Medical School of the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens and trained for several years at the 1st Orthopedic Clinic of the same university, where he continues to serve as an active collaborator. Additionally, he has specialized in hip and knee arthroplasty surgeries at the Hospital for Special Surgery in New York, USA, and has been trained in hand surgery at the specialized Hand, Upper Limb, and Microsurgery Clinic at the General Hospital of Attica "KAT". Furthermore, he is an Associate Physician of the Iatriko Group as well as the Evgenidio Therapy Center. Finally, he is a member of the Athens Medical Association, the Hellenic Society of Orthopedic Surgery and Traumatology, the Hellenic Society of Hand Surgery, and the Medical Association of the United Kingdom.