Endocrinologists

Prokopiou Maria is an Endocrinologist with private practices in Mavili Square and Gerakas. She holds a postgraduate diploma in healthcare management from the Hellenic Open University and a degree from the Medical School of the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens. She specialized in Endocrinology at the Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes Unit of the 1st Internal Medicine Clinic of the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, at the General Hospital "Laiko." Additionally, she has attended Medical Acupuncture seminars at the AcuScience International Postgraduate Acupuncture Center. She possesses valuable professional and clinical experience in the diagnosis, prevention, and therapeutic management of endocrine gland disorders, specifically affecting the thyroid, parathyroids, pancreas, ovaries, testes, adrenal glands, pituitary gland, and hypothalamus, as well as diabetes mellitus and obesity. She also manages cases such as metabolic bone diseases - osteoporosis, female and male endocrinology, and hypertension. Finally, she is a member of the Athens Medical Association, the Hellenic Diabetes Association, and the European Society of Endocrinology.

Katsogiannos Petros is an Endocrinologist – Diabetologist who maintains a private practice in Pallini while also collaborating with the private hospital "Hygeia." He is distinguished by his combined experience in clinical practice, research, and university education. He graduated from the Medical School of Semmelweis University and earned a Doctor of Medicine (PhD) degree from Uppsala University, with research work in the field of endocrinology. He has worked as a Senior Endocrinologist – Diabetologist at Uppsala University Hospital and currently serves as a Senior Consultant at Linköping University Hospital. In the past, he served for several years as a resident and then as a Consultant in the Department of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology at Uppsala University Hospital, gaining extensive experience in the diagnosis and treatment of thyroid diseases, diabetes mellitus, pituitary disorders, and osteoporosis. Combining clinical practice with research activity, Katsogiannos Petros is a scientist with an international orientation and a modern, evidence-based approach to patient care. He offers comprehensive diagnosis and treatment for endocrinological, diabetological, and metabolic diseases, thyroid gland disorders (hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, thyroid nodules, thyroid malignancy, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, thyroid and pregnancy), parathyroid diseases (hyperparathyroidism, hypocalcemia, vitamin D deficiency), osteoporosis, pituitary diseases, adrenal diseases, polycystic ovary syndrome, male hypogonadism, endocrine hypertension, type 1 diabetes mellitus (insulin pump, continuous glucose monitoring system) and type 2 diabetes as well as gestational diabetes with endocrinological disorders during pregnancy and the postpartum period, metabolic control – dyslipidemias, and obesity management.

Lazarou Lazaros MD is an Endocrinologist with a practice located in the center of Thessaloniki. He specialized in endocrinology, diabetes mellitus, and metabolism at the General Hospitals of Thessaloniki "Agios Pavlos" and "Hippokration." He worked as a trainee endocrinologist in the endocrinology and diabetology department at Vrinnevisjukhuset, Norrköping, Sweden. The physician has extensive experience in managing patients with thyroid disorders, diabetes mellitus (gestational and adult), osteoporosis, and metabolic syndrome. In his private practice, there is the capability to perform thyroid ultrasound examination (when indicated), ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration (FNA) of thyroid nodules, as well as the investigation of potential complications of diabetes mellitus. Additionally, the physician has a particular interest in gynecological endocrinology, including polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), menstrual disorders, hyperandrogenism (hirsutism, acne, and others), and menopause. Finally, due to his ongoing training, he has attended numerous conferences and seminars both in Greece and abroad, presenting findings at many of these events.

Tzartzas Ioannis is a Specialist Endocrinologist - Diabetologist with a private practice in Larissa. He holds a degree from the Medical School of Democritus University of Thrace and has specialized with 10 years of experience in Germany at Academic Hospitals affiliated with the universities of Düsseldorf and Duisburg - Essen. He specializes in thyroid disorders, ultrasound with elastography, andrology, and diabetes mellitus. His practice is fully equipped and includes a modern ultrasound device with elastography and a guided biopsy kit for the thyroid and other endocrine glands. Additionally, he is a Collaborating Physician at Iaso Thessaly and is a member of the Hellenic Society of Endocrinology and the German Diabetes Association.

Dara Argyro is an Endocrinologist - Diabetologist who maintains private practices in Glyfada and Anavyssos. She graduated from the Medical School of Aristotle University of Thessaloniki and trained as a resident physician at the General Oncology Hospital of Kifissia and in Endocrinology - Diabetology - Metabolism at the General Hospital of Athens "Korgialeneio - Benakeio Hellenic Red Cross". She worked as an associate at the General Clinic of Athens and the private hospital "Hygeia" from 1997 to 2000 and served as a rural doctor at the Karlovassi Health Center in Samos from 1995 to 1996. She specializes with extensive experience in conditions such as gestational diabetes, body weight management, type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus, osteoporosis, menopause disorders, menstrual irregularities, hypothyroidism, and parathyroid gland diseases. As part of her continuing education, the doctor participates in numerous training programs and conferences both in Greece and abroad.

Dr. Margaritopoulos Dimitrios is an Endocrinologist - Diabetologist and maintains a private practice in Petralona. He graduated from the Medical School of Aristotle University of Thessaloniki and completed postgraduate studies in Applied Dietetics - Nutrition at Harokopio University of Athens. Additionally, he is a PhD candidate at the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens and has received training in Gestational Diabetes at the General Hospital of Athens "Alexandra". He possesses significant clinical experience having worked as an Endocrinologist - Diabetologist at the General Hospital of Athens "Evangelismos", at the 2nd University Internal Medicine Clinic of the General Hospital of Athens "Hippocration", as well as at the Centre Hospitalier du Centre du Valais in Switzerland. Finally, the physician specializes in diabetes mellitus, thyroid and parathyroid glands, and osteoporosis.

Mpoutsouris Konstantinos is an Endocrinologist with a private practice in Nea Smyrni. He holds a PhD from the Medical School of the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, focusing on the influence of genes on the manifestation and treatment of obesity and type II diabetes mellitus. Additionally, he earned a medical degree from the Medical School of the University of Ioannina and possesses a license for ultrasonographic examination of endocrine glands. He has extensive experience in diabetes mellitus, thyroid disorders, hormonal imbalances, metabolism, and nutrition. The doctor believes that endocrinology is a continuously evolving science with new concepts and ideas emerging in the literature almost daily. In an era characterized by an overwhelming amount of scientific information, the endocrinologist must act as a filter of this knowledge, ensuring that patients receive simple and comprehensible information, but most importantly, appropriate treatment. Based on all the above, he considers himself capable of assisting each patient with any endocrine disorder, offering medical management tailored to each individual patient and utilizing state-of-the-art diagnostic equipment, thereby providing his patients with the best and most reliable diagnostic and therapeutic methods.

Grigorios Rompopoulos, Endocrinologist, Diabetologist, Grigorios Rompopoulos is a graduate of the Medical School of the University of Athens. He has held the specialty of Endocrinology since 2008 and has been practicing as a private physician in Athens since then. He possesses extensive experience in clinical studies with more than 40 scientific publications and presentations in international scientific journals and conferences. He served as a general practitioner in Boeotia, as a pathology resident at Nikaia General Hospital, and as an endocrinology resident at Hippokration Hospital of Athens, where he obtained his specialty in Endocrinology. He worked for several years as a hospital physician in private clinics and later as a medical consultant and medical director at a company developing innovative therapies.

Apostolakis Mixail MD, MSc, PhD is an Endocrinologist - Diabetologist and maintains a private practice in Ampelokipoi. He graduated with honors with a doctorate and holds a degree from the Medical School of the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens. He also holds a postgraduate diploma specializing in "Metabolic Bone Diseases" from the same university, awarded with distinction. Furthermore, he is a Scientific Postdoctoral Associate at the 2nd Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinic of the University of Athens at Aretaieio Hospital and an External Associate of the Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinic "Rea," while he has served as a Consultant in the Endocrinology and Diabetes Department at "Hygeia" Hospital. Additionally, he has received training in pediatric endocrinology in Hungary and has participated in international research studies on the safety and efficacy of new drugs for osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. Finally, the doctor is a member of the Hellenic Endocrine Society, the Hellenic Society of Climacteric and Menopause, as well as the European Menopause and Andropause Society.

Dr. Kaza Maria, MD, MSc, PhD, is a Endocrinologist – Diabetologist | Metabolism Specialist and maintains a private practice in Gerakas. She is a contracted Lecturer at the Department of Pharmacy of the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens. She is a distinguished PhD graduate of the Medical School of the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, with a doctoral thesis entitled "Effect of physical activity on the physical and mental well-being of children and adolescents with diabetes mellitus". She completed with Distinction her postgraduate studies in Endocrinology and Diabetes (MSc in Endocrinology and Diabetes) at the Medical School of Queen Mary University of London (Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, UK) and is a graduate of the Medical School of the University of Patras. She has trained in hospitals in Greece and the United Kingdom and possesses extensive clinical experience in a wide range of endocrinological disorders, including type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus, gestational diabetes, obesity, thyroid diseases, osteoporosis and endocrine disorders of pregnancy, polycystic ovary syndrome, menstrual disorders, adrenal and pituitary diseases, and endocrine hypertension. Her research and academic activities further include publications in international medical journals, participation in Greek and international conferences, as well as teaching experience in the Departments of Dietetics and Sport Science at Metropolitan and Mediterranean College. She is a member of the Hellenic Endocrine Society, the General Medical Council (GMC) of the UK, and the Medical Association of Athens. Finally, she holds certificates in English and French languages. 

Dr. Peirounaki Eleutheria, MD, is an Endocrinologist and holds a PhD from the Medical School of Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Germany, with a private practice in Ilioupoli. She is also an External Endocrinology Collaborator at Mitera Hospital. She studied at the Medical School of the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens and specialized in Endocrinology, Diabetology, and Metabolism at TU Munich University and Duisburg-Essen University in Germany. She has worked as a Specialist Endocrinologist-Diabetologist at the Endocrinology Center of Munich, Endokrinologikum München, and as a Specialist Endocrinologist-Diabetologist and Head of regular Endocrinology clinics at Klinikum Bogenhausen in Munich, Germany. Finally, Dr. Peirounaki is specialized in osteoporosis, diabetes mellitus, thyroid, and parathyroid glands.

Niagasa Xristina is an Endocrinologist-Diabetologist and maintains her private practice in Paleo Faliro. She is a summa cum laude graduate of the Medical School of the University of Aquila in Italy. She specialized at Hippocratio General Hospital of Athens (G.N.A.). During her specialty training, she also received education in managing endocrine disorders during pregnancy at "Elena Venizelou" General Hospital, and in the Endocrinology Department of Growth and Development at "Panagiotis and Aglaia Kyriakou" General Pediatric Hospital of Athens (G.N.P.A.). The physician has clinical experience in a wide range of endocrine disorders, including diabetes mellitus, diseases of the thyroid and parathyroid glands, osteoporosis and calcium metabolism disorders, menstrual and menopausal disorders, hypogonadism, adrenal and pituitary diseases, endocrine hypertension, obesity, lipid disorders, and endocrine disorders during pregnancy. She manages all cases with a patient-centered approach, taking into account the individualized needs of each patient she treats. Finally, the doctor participates in numerous conferences as part of her continuous education and is a member of the Hellenic Endocrine Society and the Hellenic Diabetological Society.

Mparmpari Maria, MD, MSc, PhD is an Endocrinologist - Diabetologist with extensive qualifications and long-standing clinical and academic experience due to her comprehensive training. She maintains a private practice in Aigaleo. She is a graduate of the Medical School of the University of Turin, holding a master's degree in "Research in Female Reproduction" from the Medical School of the University of Athens. She is highly specialized in the morbidity of Obesity, having earned a Doctorate with a dissertation on . She specialized in Endocrinology at the Endocrinology Department of the General Hospital of Athens "HIPPOCRATEIO" and in Diabetes at the Diabetology Department of the 2nd University Pathology Clinic of G.N.A HIPPOCRATEIO. Additionally, she was trained at the Pediatric Clinic of the General Children's Hospital of Athens "AGIA SOFIA" in the management of Pediatric Endocrinology cases and at the General Hospital of Athens "Elena Venizelou" in endocrinopathies during pregnancy, with particular emphasis on Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. She possesses extensive clinical experience in all endocrinological diseases concerning the thyroid gland, fertility in both sexes, adrenal and pituitary disorders, menstrual cycle disturbances during adolescence and adulthood including menopause, as well as metabolic diseases such as diabetes, obesity, and lipid disorders. She has participated extensively in numerous Greek and international conferences, with various publications in Greek and foreign journals, and has received awards at Greek conference competitions. She is an active member of the Hellenic Endocrine Society and the European Society of Endocrinology - ECE ENDOCRINOLOGY.

Zontanos Fotis is an Endocrinologist who has maintained a private practice in Neos Kosmos since 2002. He graduated from the Medical School of Aristotle University of Thessaloniki and specialized in Endocrinology at the University Clinic of Pathology - Physiology of the General Hospital of Athens “Laiko.” He is specialized in diabetes mellitus, thyroid diseases, as well as menstrual disorders. His private practice offers a wide range of services, tailored to the individual needs of each patient.

Dr. Iliopoulou Amalia MD, MRCP is an Endocrinologist and Diabetologist, maintaining a private practice in Kolonaki. She graduated from the Medical School of the University of Athens, where she was admitted with a scholarship from the State Scholarships Foundation due to her excellent performance in the Panhellenic Examinations. She completed her entire specialty training in the United Kingdom, where she obtained qualifications in Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Internal Medicine. In England, she worked for 10 years, reaching the position of Director of Endocrinology at St James University Hospital in Leeds. Additionally, she had the honor of being elected a member of the Royal College of Physicians of London through examination (MRCP London). She returned to Greece at the end of 2013 and has been operating her private practice since 2014, while simultaneously serving as a Scientific Collaborator in the Endocrinology Department of Aretaieio Hospital. She regularly attends seminars and medical conferences in her field, primarily in the UK. Her specialization includes thyroid and parathyroid diseases, diabetes mellitus, obesity, and metabolism. Furthermore, she manages other conditions such as infertility, pituitary disorders, adrenal gland diseases, and polycystic ovary syndrome.

Andreas Rizoulis MD, PhD is an Endocrinologist who maintains a private practice in Larissa. He holds a doctorate from the University of Thessaly and a medical degree from the Medical School of Aristotle University of Thessaloniki. He specialized in Endocrinology at the University General Hospital of Larissa and attended a postgraduate program in Primary Health Care. In his private practice, he offers a wide range of services, tailored to the individual needs of each patient.

Tantalaki Eua is an endocrinologist with a private practice in Ilioupoli. She holds a degree from the University of Stara Zagora in Bulgaria. In 2008, she obtained her specialty certification and is currently a PhD holder from the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens. In recent years, she has maintained a private practice in a space designed to inspire comfort and trust in patients. Her clinic is fully equipped with state-of-the-art devices to ensure optimal patient care. The endocrinologist manages cases spanning the full spectrum of endocrinology, providing comprehensive patient education and evidence-based treatment plans. Committed to continuous education, she has actively participated in numerous conferences both in Greece and internationally. Additionally, she has contributed to the authorship of endocrinology notes and books concerning applied endocrinology as well as emergency endocrinopathies.

Ο Μαλλιόπουλος Δημοσθένης είναι Ενδοκρινολόγος και διατηρεί ιδιωτικό ιατρείο στην Ηλιούπολη. Είναι πτυχιούχος της Ιατρικής Σχολής του Αριστοτελείου Πανεπιστημίου Θεσσαλονίκης και της Στρατιωτικής Σχολής Αξιωματικών Σωμάτων. Επιπλέον, είναι κάτοχος Μεταπτυχιακού Διπλώματος Ειδίκευσης με θέμα "Έρευνα στη γυναικεία αναπαραγωγή" από την Ιατρική Σχολή Αθηνών. Εκπαιδεύτηκε στο τμήμα επειγόντων περιστατικών του Madigan Army Medical Center-Washington, το οποίο είναι ένα από τα μεγαλύτερα στρατιωτικά νοσοκομεία στις ΗΠΑ. Μετά το πέρας της εκπαίδευσης εργάστηκε ως ιατρός σε Στρατιωτικό Νοσοκομείο του ΝΑΤΟ στην Καμπούλ του Αφγανιστάν, όπου του απενεμήθη τιμητικό μετάλλιο για τις προσφερθείσες υπηρεσίες. Υπηρέτησε ως Υπίατρος για δύο έτη σε μονάδα καταδρομών στο Μεγάλο Πεύκο Αττικής και είναι αλεξιπτωτιστής. Για την ειδικότητα της ενδοκρινολογίας εκπαιδεύτηκε αρχικά επί 2 έτη στη Β’ Παθολογική Κλινική - Διαβητολογικό Κέντρο του Νοσοκομείου ΝΙΜΤΣ με διευθυντή τον γνωστό Διαβητολόγο Δρ Μυγδάλη Ηλία, δίπλα στον οποίο απέκτησε μεγάλη εμπειρία στο χειρισμό ασθενών με σακχαρώδη διαβήτη. Στη συνέχεια, εργάστηκε ως ειδικευόμενος ενδοκρινολόγος στη Μονάδα Ενδοκρινολογίας, Μεταβολισμού και Διαβήτη της Α’ Παιδιατρικής Κλινικής Πανεπιστημίου Αθηνών στο Γενικό Νοσοκομείο Παίδων "Αγία Σοφία’", με διευθυντή τον παγκοσμίως γνωστό για το επιστημονικό του έργο Καθηγητή Κο Χρούσο Γεώργιο με τον οποίο συνεργάστηκε στενά το ίδιο διάστημα παρακολουθώντας παιδιά με ενδοκρινοπάθειες στη Μονάδα Ενδοκρινολογίας, Μεταβολισμού και Διαβήτη του Πανεπιστημίου Αθηνών στο Ευγενίδειο Θεραπευτήριο. Η εκπαίδευση του στην ενδοκρινολογία ολοκληρώθηκε στην Ενδοκρινολογική Κλινική - Διαβητολογικό Κέντρο του Γενικού Νοσοκομείου Αθηνών "Γ. Γεννηματάς". Κατά την ειδίκευση του εκεί απέκτησε μεγάλη εμπειρία στην παρακολούθηση ασθενών από όλο το φάσμα της ενδοκρινολογίας και κυρίως αυτών με παθήσεις επινεφριδίων και ενδοκρινικής υπέρτασης που είναι και το επιστημονικό ενδιαφέρον της συγκεκριμένης κλινικής. Έλαβε τον τίτλο της ειδικότητας της ενδοκρινολογίας τον Ιούλιο του 2014. Εργάστηκε επί 4 έτη ως Επιμελητής του Ενδοκρινολογικού Ιατρείου στο Νοσοκομείο ΝΙΜΤΣ. Σε αυτό το διάστημα, έλαβε 6μηνη εκπαίδευση στους υπερήχους θυρεοειδούς στο Αντικαρκινικό - Ογκολογικό Νοσοκομείο "Μεταξά". Από το 2020 μέχρι σήμερα εργάζεται ως Επιμελητής στην Ενδοκρινολογική Κλινική του 401 Γενικού Στρατιωτικού Νοσοκομείου Αθηνών και έχει το βαθμό του Αντισυνταγματάρχη. Έχει ενεργό συμμετοχή σε επιστημονικές εργασίες και στη συγγραφή άρθρων σε διεθνή επιστημονικά περιοδικά, ενώ έχει παρουσιάσεις σε ενδοκρινολογικά συνέδρια. Συνεχίζει την εκπαίδευση του με την τακτική συμμετοχή σε ετήσια σεμινάρια της Ευρωπαϊκής (Εuropean Society of Endocrinology) και Αμερικάνικης Ενδοκρινολογικής Εταιρίας (Endocrine Society) των οποίων και είναι μέλος. Επίσης είναι ενεργό μέλος της Ελληνικής Ενδοκρινολογικής Εταιρείας και της Ελληνικής Διαβητολογικής Εταιρείας. Τέλος, από το 2014 είναι επιστημονικά υπεύθυνος του Ενδοκρινολογικού τμήματος του Πολυϊατρείου Lifecheck Ηλιούπολης.

Η Λάσπα Έλενα είναι Ενδοκρινολόγος - Διαβητολόγος και διατηρεί το ιδιωτικό της ιατρείο στο Χαλάνδρι. Μέσω πανελληνίων εξετάσεων εισήχθη στην Ιατρική Σχολή Αθηνών το 1990. Μετά από γραπτό διαγωνισμό έλαβε και διατήρησε για όλη τη διάρκεια των σπουδών την υποτροφία του κληροδοτήματος "Αντωνίου Παπαδάκη". Μετά την αποφοίτηση της τον Ιούλιο του 1996 εκπλήρωσε την υπηρεσίας υπαίθρου, στην διάρκεια της οποίας πήρε απόσπαση για τις εφημερίες της στην μονάδα εμφραγμάτων του Γενικού Νοσοκομείου Πρεβέζης. Εν συνεχεία ειδικεύτηκε για 2 έτη στην παθολογία ως προαπαιτούμενη εκπαίδευση για την κύρια ειδικότητα. Εξειδικεύθηκε στην ειδικότητα της Ενδοκρινολογίας στο Πανεπιστημιακό Νοσοκομείο Ιωαννίνων υπό τη διεύθυνση του καθηγητή Α.Τσατσούλη. Ολοκλήρωσε το τελευταίο τμήμα της την ειδικότητας στο St.Mary’s Hospital του Λονδίνου, όπου εξειδικέυθηκε στο υπερηχογράφημα τραχήλου και στις καθοδηγούμενες υπερηχογραφικά παρακεντήσεις όζων θυρεοειδούς αδένα. Παράλληλα με την κλινική της δραστηριότητα στο Λονδίνο, συμμετείχε σε ερευνητικά προγράμματα μελέτης της μεταβλητότητας παραγόντων κινδύνου για την εμφάνιση διαταραχής ανοχής γλυκόζης και αθηροσκληρωτικής νόσου. Μετά το πέρας της ειδικότητας παρέμεινε επιστημονικά ενεργή με την συμμετοχή της σε έρευνες του Πανεπιστημιακού Νοσοκομείου Ιωαννίνων για τον καρκίνο του θυρεοειδούς, για τις ανάγκες της οποίας ανέλαβε μεγάλο αριθμό παρακεντήσεων όζων θυρεοειδούς. Έχει συμμετάσχει ως κλινικός ερευνητής στην Διεθνή κλινική μελέτη Lantus HOE901/3505: ATLANTUS. Επίσης συμμετείχε ως ομιλητής σε πλήθος ελληνικών και διεθνών συνεδρίων. Διεθνή επιστημονικά περιοδικά έχουν φιλοξενήσει δημοσιεύσεις της. Το 2015 έγραψε το κεφάλαιο "Παραθυρεοειδείς αδένες και μεταβολισμός των οστών" στο διαδικτυακό πόνημα "Σύγχρονο εγχειρίδιο Ενδοκρινολογίας". Το 2016 έγραψε το κεφάλαιο "Pseudohypoparathyroid States" στην Εγκυκλοπαίδεια Ενδοκρινικών Νοσημάτων (Encyclopedia of Endocrine Diseases). Το 2019 ολοκλήρωσε το εκπαιδευτικό πρόγραμμα «Health Coach» του Κέντρου Επιμόρφωσης και Δια Βίου Μάθησης του Εθνικού Καποδιστριακού Πανεπιστημίου Αθηνών. Είναι ένα πρόγραμμα το οποίο προσφέρει γνώσεις και εφόδια «προπονητή υγείας» ,ώστε ο ιατρός με μοντέλα ειδικής προσέγγισης και μεθοδολογίας να ενδυναμώσει τον κάθε άνθρωπο να αλλάξει βλαπτικές συνήθειες και συμπεριφορές και να επιτύχει τους στόχους υγείας που θέτει. Είναι μέλος της Ελληνικής Ενδοκρινολογικής Εταιρίας και της Ελληνικής Εταιρίας Μελέτης Μεταβολισμού των Οστών. Μετά από εξετάσεις έγινε δεκτή ως μέλος της Ευρωπαϊκής Εταιρίας Ενδοκρινολογίας, Διαβήτη και Μεταβολισμού (Fellow of the European Board of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism).