Orthopaedic - Orthopaedic Surgeons including treatment for children under 12 years near Patisia

Panagiotis Papagiannopoulos MD, MSc, F.E.B.O.T. is an Orthopedic Surgeon who maintains a private practice in Piraeus. He is a graduate of the Medical School of the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens and holds a Master’s Degree (MSc) in Health Unit Management from the Hellenic Open University. Additionally, he has obtained the title of Fellow of the E.B.O.T. (European Board of Orthopaedics and Traumatology) following examinations conducted by the European Federation of National Associations of Orthopaedics and Traumatology (E.F.O.R.T.). He has served as an Attending Orthopedic Surgeon at the Vitos Clinic Kassel in Germany and as an Attending Physician at the Sports Injuries Clinic of Metropolitan General. In his private practice, he manages a wide range of cases and provides specialized medical services including, among others, sports injuries, arthroscopic surgery of the knee and shoulder, and minimally invasive hip and knee arthroplasty.

Sopilidis Georgios is an Orthopedic Surgeon with a private practice in Nea Filadelfeia. He graduated from the State Medical University of Kazakhstan. He specializes in knee and shoulder arthroscopy, pediatric orthopedics, knee and hip arthroplasty, spinal disorders, fracture surgery, and traumatology. Additionally, the physician collaborates with the Central Clinic of Athens and is a member of the Athens Medical Association.

Dr. Tsapakidis Giannis was born in Larisa in 1975 and graduated from the Medical School of Aristotle University of Thessaloniki in 2000. He completed his Orthopedic specialty residency at Tzaneio General Hospital of Piraeus, with part of his training conducted at KAT Hospital and Charing Cross Hospital in London. He received a scholarship from AO and worked as a Fellow at the Sports Injuries and Trauma Center of Queens Medical Centre University Hospital in Nottingham. He is a PhD candidate at the University of Athens and a member of AO ALUMNI. Since 2006, he has served as the team physician for the women's basketball team “ESPERIDES” Kallithea (Women’s A1 Basketball Champion for 2006-07 and 2008-09 and Greek Cup Winner for 2005-06, 2006-07, 2007-08, and 2008-09). From 2015 to 2018, he was part of the medical team covering orthopedic concerns for the athletes of KAE AEK. Since 2013, he has provided medical coverage for the basketball team PROTEAS VOULAS and from 2015 to 2025 served as the medical provider for the athletes of the basketball team KAE AMAROUSIOU. From 2021 to 2023, he was the team physician for the WOMEN'S NATIONAL BASKETBALL TEAM, and from 2022 to 2024 for the team of PANIONIOS B.C. Previously, he was part of the medical team covering orthopedic needs of the athletes of KAE PANELLINIOS from 2008 to 2011 and the Cultural and Sports Center “DAIS.” Subsequently, from 2018 to 2022, he provided medical coverage to the athletes of MELLISION and since 2018 to the athletes of ESPEROS B.C. Finally, starting this year, he has been the medical provider for the amateur club PANATHINAIKOS A.O. He has attended specialized seminars/workshops in Traumatology, Microsurgery, and Arthroscopic Surgery both in Greece and abroad. He has participated with publications/presentations in Greek and International scientific conferences and journals.

Mylonas Xrysanthos is an Orthopedic Surgeon - Traumatologist with private practices in Anavyssos, Lavrio, and Glyfada. He holds a degree from the Medical School of Aristotle University of Thessaloniki and completed his specialty in General Surgery at the General State Hospital of Nikaia. Throughout his professional career, he served as a Scientific Collaborator at IKA Lavrio for over 15 years. Currently, in addition to his private practices, he is a Scientific Collaborator at the private hospital Medirerraneo in the Glyfada area. Furthermore, he regularly attends conferences in Greece and abroad covering the entire spectrum of Orthopedics, including topics such as osteoporosis, trauma, surgical arthroplasty, geriatric patients, and bone neoplasms. He also participates in various research projects and presentations both in Greece and internationally.

Dr. Lepetsos Panagiotis is an Orthopedic Surgeon and maintains his private practice in Neo Irakleio. He is a consultant at the Athens Medical Center. The physician graduated from the Medical School of the University of Athens, holds a Master's Degree in Metabolic Bone Diseases, and a PhD in Knee Osteoarthritis. He has worked and specialized in the 4th Orthopedic Clinic of KAT Hospital, the Microsurgery Clinic of KAT Hospital, as well as the Pediatric Orthopedic Clinic of the "Agia Sofia" Children's Hospital. He has specialized in reconstructive hip and knee surgery through a salaried fellowship of the International Society of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology (SICOT). He has worked as a consultant at KAT Hospital (2017 – 2019). He has more than 50 publications in international scientific journals and more than 200 presentations and lectures at international and Greek orthopedic conferences. He has been awarded five times by the Hellenic Orthopedic Society. He is a reviewer for 40 international scientific journals. He has participated in numerous seminars and scientific conferences in Greece and abroad.

Dr. Kakkos Georgios is an Orthopedic Surgeon with a private practice located in Neo Iraklio. He holds a medical degree from the School of Health Sciences at the University of Patras and specializes in arthroplasty. The doctor has extensive experience in osteoporosis, total hip and knee arthroplasty, and microsurgery of the hand. He specialized at the General Hospital of Attica KAT and obtained his General Surgery qualification at the Thia Pronoia Hospital "The Pammakaristos." He serves as a Senior Consultant in the Orthopedic Clinic of the Errikos Dynan Hospital Center and is the lead physician of the Orthopedic Department at the Municipal Clinics of Iraklio, Attica. Additionally, he is a member of the Athens Medical Association, the Hellenic Society of Orthopedic Surgery and Traumatology, and the Hellenic Osteoporosis Foundation.

Dr. Panagopoulos Georgios is a Director Orthopedic Surgeon with extensive training and surgical experience in the United States of America and the United Kingdom. Although he is involved in the entire spectrum of Orthopedic Surgery, his primary area of expertise/interest is Arthroscopic and Reconstructive Surgery of the Upper Limb (shoulder, elbow, and hand). Dr. Panagopoulos has completed numerous long-term fellowship programs in the upper limb and has served at the highest level as a Consultant Orthopedic Surgeon at one of the largest Trauma Centers in Europe. Dr. Panagopoulos was born and raised in Athens. He completed his medical studies at the Medical School of the University of Rome, graduating with honors (magna cum laude). Subsequently, he completed his Residency in Orthopedic Surgery & Traumatology at the University Orthopedic Clinic of the University of Athens (Attikon University General Hospital). Dr. Panagopoulos expanded his training by completing a fellowship program in the Upper Limb in Pittsburgh, USA (2016-2017). He then served at the world-renowned Shoulder-Elbow Clinic in Reading, United Kingdom (2018-2020), as well as at the Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital in Stanmore (2020). Dr. Panagopoulos subsequently worked as a Consultant Orthopedic Surgeon at the Royal London Hospital, one of the largest Trauma Centers in the United Kingdom and Europe. He holds a PhD from the Medical School of the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens.

Tsonis Konstantinos is an Orthopedic Surgeon. He maintains a private practice in Peristeri. He offers a personalized approach and treatment for a wide range of acute and chronic conditions affecting the upper and lower limbs as well as the spine. He has worked at the Metaxa General Oncology Hospital, the Athens General Children's Hospital "Panagiotis & Aglaia Kyriakou," and the General Hospital of Nikaia, where he received training in Trauma Orthopedics, managing chronic conditions such as knee and hip osteoarthritis, peripheral compressive neuropathies like Carpal Tunnel Syndrome, lumbar and cervical spine disorders, as well as metabolic diseases. Additionally, he has participated in the activities of the Neurosurgery Clinic and the Intensive Care Unit at the Metaxa General Oncology Hospital. He possesses extensive experience in Pediatric Orthopedics. Finally, he exhibits particular sensitivity to sports injuries and is himself an amateur long-distance runner.

Ο Ασλανίδης Ηλίας MD,MSc,FEBOT είναι Στρατιωτικός Ιατρός, Ορθοπαιδικός και Διευθυντής Τμήματος Κάτω Άκρου και Επανορθωτικής Χειρουργικής Ποδός στη Ευρωκλινική Αθηνών. Διατηρεί Ιατρείο στους Αμπελόκηπους, Λουίζης Ριανκούρ 65-67 και στο Λαγονήσι. Είναι απόφοιτος της Ιατρικής Σχολής του Αριστοτέλειου Πανεπιστημίου Θεσσαλονίκης και Αριστούχος απόφοιτος της Στρατιωτικής Σχολής Αξιωματικών Σωμάτων (ΣΣΑΣ) (Υπαρχηγός Τάξης). Ειδικεύτηκε στην Ορθοπαιδική και Τραυματολογία για 1,5 χρόνο στο 401 Γενικό Στρατιωτικό Νοσοκομείο Αθηνών, 6 μήνες στην Γ΄ Ορθοπαιδική Κλινική του ΚΑΤ Γενικό Νοσοκομείο Αττικής και 3 χρόνια στο Great Western Hospital του Σουίντον στο Ηνωμένο Βασίλειο, όπου και ολοκλήρωσε την εκπαίδευση του. Είναι κάτοχος και αριστούχος του μεταπτυχιακού διπλώματος Μεταβολικών Νοσημάτων των Οστών του Εθνικού & Καποδιστριακού Πανεπιστημίου Αθηνών. Κατά τη διάρκεια της ειδικότητας του στο Ηνωμένο Βασίλειο εκπαιδεύτηκε για 6 μήνες στην άκρα χείρας και μικροχειρουργική, 6 μήνες στις παθήσεις ώμου και αγκώνος, 6 μήνες στις παθήσεις ισχίου, 6 μήνες στις παθήσεις σπονδυλικής στήλης και 1 χρόνο στις παθήσεις γόνατος και αθλητικών κακώσεων. Συνέχισε την εξειδίκευση του στο κάτω άκρο και στις αθλητικές κακώσεις (συμπεριλαμβανομένου παιδιών και εφήβων) για 1 χρόνο στο Σουίντον του Ηνωμένου Βασιλείου (Senior Fellow) με διενέργεια μεγάλου αριθμού εξειδικευμένων επεμβάσεων υπ’ ευθύνη του. Eργάζεται ως επιμελητής της Β' Ορθοπαιδικής του 401 Γενικού Στρατιωτικού Νοσοκομείου Αθηνών και είναι Διευθυντής του Υγειονομικού Τμήματος της Ζ' Μοίρας Αμφιβίων Καταδρομών. Είναι Διευθυντής Τμήματος Κάτω Άκρου και Επανορθωτικής Χειρουργικής Ποδός στη Ευρωκλινική Αθηνών ενώ επιπλέον είναι Sports Medicine Consultant της Tangram Sports Management, εταιρείας που διαχειρίζεται μεγάλο αριθμό επαγγελματιών παικτών μπάσκετ σε όλη την Ευρώπη. Παρέχει ιατρικές συμβουλές για την αντιμετώπιση αθλητικών κακώσεων σε επαγγελματικές ομάδες μπάσκετ τόσο της Ευρώπης (Euroleague, Eurocup, Liga ACB, BBL, LNB Pro A κ.α.) όσο και της Ασίας. Στο παρελθόν έχει διατελέσει ιατρός και σε άλλες μονάδες των ειδικών δυνάμεων με συμμετοχή σε διάφορα σχολεία του Ελληνικού Στρατού (Ελεύθερης Πτώσης, Καταδυτικής Ιατρικής), καθώς και ιατρός αγώνων ποδοσφαίρου (ΕΠΣΑ,ΕΠΣΑΝΑ,ΕΠΣΔΑ,ΕΠΣΠ, Football Leaue,Football League 2, Superleague Νέων) και πολεμικών τεχνών (πανελλήνιο πρωτάθλημα παγκρατίου, καράτε κ.α.). Είναι μέλος του Ιατρικού Συλλόγου του Ηνωμένου Βασιλείου (GMC Specialty Registry) και της Βρετανικής Ορθοπαιδικής Εταιρείας Ποδός και Ποδοκνημικής (BOFAS). Έχει συμμετάσχει στο παρελθόν σε πληθώρα συνεδρίων ελληνικών και διεθνών. Έχει εξειδικευτεί στο κάτω άκρο και στις αθλητικές κακώσεις με ιδιαίτερο ενδιαφέρον το γόνατο , την ποδοκνημική και τον άκρο πόδα. Είναι ένας από τους λίγους χειρουργούς στην Ελλάδα με επίσημη εξειδίκευση στο πόδι και την ποδοκνημική στο εξωτερικό ( Foot and Αnkle Fellow). Είναι υπότροφος της Ευρωπαϊκής Επιτροπής Ορθοπαιδικής και Τραυματολογίας κατόπιν ειδικών εξετάσεων και αυτήν την περίοδο είναι συνεργάτης της Ευρωκλινικής Αθηνών, της Βιοκλινικής Αθηνών, του Θεραπευτηρίου ΥΓΕΙΑ, ΜΗΤΕΡΑ και του Ιατρικού Κέντρου Αθηνών. Λόγω της ενασχόλησης του για χρόνια με τον αθλητισμό-έχοντας υπάρξει ο ίδιος ποδοσφαιριστής - και γνωρίζοντας πλέον και τις δύο όψεις αθλητή και ιατρού διαθέτει μεγάλη εμπειρία στις αθλητικές κακώσεις και στην ταχεία επιστροφή των αθλητών στις επαγγελματικές τους δραστηριότητες. Υπηρετώντας επιπλέον για περισσότερο από 6 χρόνια σε μονάδες Ειδικών Δυνάμεων έχει αναλάβει μεγάλο αριθμό δύσκολων περιπτώσεων που έχει φέρει εις πέρας με μεγάλη επιτυχία, βασιζόμενος στις ιδιαιτερότητες των υψηλών απαιτήσεων ασθενών με στόχο την ταχεία αποκατάσταση και την πλήρη επιστροφή στην υπηρεσία.

Dr. Nikolopoulos Ioannis, MD, MSc, is an Orthopedic Surgeon, graduate of the Medical School of the University of Ioannina, with a Master's degree in Metabolic Bone Diseases. He is a Scientific Associate - Orthopedic Surgeon at Metropolitan Hospital and maintains private practices in Aspropyrgos and at the Medica Polyclinic in Agios Stefanos. He provides high-level services for the treatment and rehabilitation of a wide range of orthopedic and musculoskeletal conditions in adults and children, such as chondropathy, osteoarthritis, scoliosis, kyphosis, fractures, sports injuries, and upper limb neuropathy. Additionally, he offers consulting services for osteoporosis screening. He specializes in Minimally Invasive Surgery for performing surgical procedures such as total hip and knee arthroplasty, and continues to enhance his surgical expertise abroad. Moreover, he has numerous publications in reputable international and Greek scientific journals and has participated as a speaker at domestic and international conferences.

Ο Δρ. Νικόλαος Καλύβας είναι Ορθοπαιδικός Χειρουργός με 15ετή εμπειρία στο Σύστημα Υγείας της Γερμανίας (2010–2025). Απο το 2026 διατηρεί ιδιωτικό ιατρείο στους Αμπελόκηπους (έναντι της αμερικανικής πρεσβείας). Για περισσότερα από 15 έτη εργάστηκε σε κλινικές υψηλού επιπέδου της Γερμανίας, ενώ από το 2017 υπηρέτησε ως Επιμελητής και από το 2021 ως Αναπληρωτής Διευθυντής σε πιστοποιημένο κέντρο ενδοπροσθετικής (EPZmax), διενεργώντας συνολικά πάνω από 11.000 χειρουργικές επεμβάσεις.

Εξειδικεύεται σε αρθροπλαστική Ισχίου με τεχνική AMIS, ρομποτική και εξατομικευμένη Αρθροπλαστική Γόνατος, αρθροπλαστική Ώμου με ελάχιστα επεμβατική προσπέλαση και αρθροσκοπική Χειρουργική Ώμου & Γόνατος.

Εφαρμόζει πρωτόκολλα ταχείας αποκατάστασης (Rapid Recovery – Fast Track) με στόχο την άμεση κινητοποίηση και την ασφαλή επάνοδο των ασθενών. Διαθέτει επιπλέον εξειδίκευση στην Αθλητιατρική, τη Χειροθεραπεία και την υπερηχογραφική διάγνωση του μυοσκελετικού συστήματος, καθώς και στον έλεγχο ισχίων νεογνών κατά Graf. Στη διαγνωστική του προσέγγιση αξιοποιεί συστηματικά τη δεξιότητά του στην υπερηχογραφία μυοσκελετικού, επιτρέποντας άμεση, δυναμική και στοχευμένη αξιολόγηση των παθήσεων.

Η εξειδίκευσή του στην Αθλητιατρική και τη Χειροθεραπεία διαμόρφωσε μια πιο ολιστική και λειτουργική προσέγγιση απέναντι στον ασθενή. Ο Δρ. Καλύβας δίνει προτεραιότητα στη συντηρητική θεραπεία, η οποία περιλαμβάνει εξατομικευμένα πρωτόκολλα αποκατάστασης καθώς και υπερηχογραφικά καθοδηγούμενες εγχύσεις κορτιζόνης, υαλουρονικού οξέος και PRP (Platelet Rich Plasma).

Εφόσον έχει εξαντληθεί κάθε πιθανότητα βελτίωσης της πάθησης του ασθενούς με συντηρητική θεραπεία, προτείνει τη χειρουργική αντιμετώπιση μόνο όταν αυτή είναι πραγματικά απαραίτητη.

Στόχος του είναι η παροχή ιατρικής φροντίδας ευρωπαϊκού επιπέδου, με ασφάλεια, διαφάνεια και σεβασμό στον ασθενή.

Katsougkrakis Ilias is an Orthopedic Surgeon, serving as Deputy Director of the Robotic Orthopedic Surgery and Pediatric Orthopedics Clinic at Metropolitan Hospital. He maintains private practices in Ilioupoli and Sparta, Laconia. After completing his specialty training, he went to the United Kingdom where he completed a postgraduate specialization program, a Fellowship, in Arthroscopic Surgery and Knee and Shoulder Arthroplasty at East Surrey Hospital in Redhill, England. From 2012 to 2017, he worked as an Orthopedic Consultant in Adult and Pediatric Traumatology and Hip, Knee, and Shoulder Arthroplasty at Ealing Hospital in London and East Surrey Hospital in Redhill. He holds a degree from the Medical School of the University of Novi Sad in Serbia and obtained his medical specialty title from the 6th Orthopedic Clinic of the General Hospital "Asklipieio Voulas." After completing his specialty, he worked as the coordinating physician of the Parnassos Ski Center. Finally, he completed a postgraduate program in Health Units Management and Crisis Management at the University of Peloponnese. He maintains private practices in Ilioupoli and Sparta, Laconia.

Pathiakis Ioannis Md, MSc, PhD is an Orthopedic Surgeon who maintains a private practice in Peristeri. He holds a medical degree from the Medical School of the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens and has obtained two postgraduate degrees in "Minimally Invasive Surgery, Robotic Surgery & Tele-surgery Medicine" and "Surgical Anatomy" from the Medical School of the same university. Additionally, he holds a Doctorate from the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens in the Department of Anatomy. He is specialized in Robotic Knee and Hip Surgery and in Microsurgical Bloodless Carpal Tunnel Release and holds a diploma in Medical Acupuncture from the Scientific Association of Medical Acupuncturists of Greece. He has completed training at numerous hospitals, while his specialty was completed in General Surgery at the General Hospital of Ierapetra. Furthermore, during his career, he has taught courses on First Aid, Traumatology, and musculoskeletal injuries at the IEK of Siteia and at the Volunteer Corps of Samaritans and Rescuers of Siteia, respectively. Finally, as part of his continuous education and updating in microsurgery and medical acupuncture, the physician regularly attends medical conferences, earning personal honorary distinctions.

Beyond Medicine, he holds a degree in Social Theology from the Theological School of Athens.

Dimitrios Xrysovitsianos is an Orthopedic Surgeon who maintains a private practice in Ilion. He holds a degree from the Medical School of the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens and specialized in Orthopedics - Orthopedic Surgery at the Attikon General Hospital of Athens KAT. He is specialized in microsurgery, upper limb and hand surgery, sports injuries, pediatric and adult trauma, osteoporosis, arthritis treatment, hip and knee arthroplasties, and foot disorders. He serves as the Chief of the Orthopedic Clinic of the Upper Limb Surgery - Traumatology Department at Euroclinic Athens, as well as Consultant at the First Pediatric Orthopedic Clinic of the Marousi Medical Center. Additionally, he is a member of the SOS Doctors. Previously, he has served as Consultant in Upper Limb Surgery at Metropolitan Hospital. He has significant professional experience in private hospitals in Athens, having worked in these institutions since 2001. Finally, the doctor has participated in numerous lectures and orthopedic conferences and has authored many medical papers, aiming for continuous engagement with advancements in his field.

Vottis Xristos MD, PhD is an Orthopedic Surgeon with private practices in Ilisia and Neo Psychiko. He holds a doctorate and a degree from the Medical School of the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens and trained for several years at the 1st Orthopedic Clinic of the same university, where he continues to serve as an active collaborator. Additionally, he has specialized in hip and knee arthroplasty surgeries at the Hospital for Special Surgery in New York, USA, and has been trained in hand surgery at the specialized Hand, Upper Limb, and Microsurgery Clinic at the General Hospital of Attica "KAT". Furthermore, he is an Associate Physician of the Iatriko Group as well as the Evgenidio Therapy Center. Finally, he is a member of the Athens Medical Association, the Hellenic Society of Orthopedic Surgery and Traumatology, the Hellenic Society of Hand Surgery, and the Medical Association of the United Kingdom.

Mr. Georgoulis Stylianos MD, MSC, Dipl is an Orthopedic Surgeon - Traumatologist with a private practice in Marousi. He has received advanced training at Oxford, United Kingdom, specializing in reconstructive orthopedics (hip and knee arthroplasty) and practices orthopedic surgery and traumatology - sports medicine at the 251 Air Force General Hospital as the Director of the 2nd Orthopedic Clinic. Simultaneously, he serves as the Deputy Director of the 7th Orthopedic Clinic at HYGEIA, focusing on robotic hip and knee arthroplasty, having been certified in these techniques. The core principles of his therapeutic approach to patients include information, understanding, honesty, and trust, which form the foundation for a personalized treatment process tailored to meet the distinct needs and demands of his patients. These are the essential elements of a mutual trust relationship between patient and surgeon, which will determine the choice of method, define the patient's therapeutic expectations, and ultimately ensure an excellent outcome.

Dr. Kostakos Thomas, MD, PhD, FRCS (Tr&Orth) is a specialized Orthopedic Surgeon - Sports Medicine Physician and maintains his private practice in Chalandri. He specializes in Hip and Knee Arthroplasty (robotic and conventional). He is a graduate of the Medical School of Charles University in Prague. He completed his specialty training in Orthopedics and Traumatology in the United Kingdom. He worked and specialized in Robotic Hip and Knee Arthroplasty at the Elective Orthopaedic Centre of University College London Hospital. Non-surgical options are thoroughly explored and managed in close collaboration with physiotherapists, radiologists, and physicians of other specialties, always personalized and according to the patient's needs. When surgical intervention is required, Mr. Kostakos provides an extremely individualized approach in every case, ensuring that the patient remains consistently at the center of decision-making. Mr. Kostakos employs the most modern techniques for bone stock preservation and minimally invasive surgical approaches.

Athanasopoulos Konstantinos MD, MSc is an Orthopedic Surgeon maintaining private practices in Piraeus and Galata Troizinia, while also collaborating with the Athens Medical Group (Peristeri clinic) and the sports injury center at Mediterraneo Hospital. He is certified in robotic knee and hip arthroplasty using the most advanced robotic system worldwide, the only one with FDA certification in the USA for robotic total joint revision arthroplasty. He holds a postgraduate degree in “Metabolic Bone Diseases” from the Medical School of Athens and graduated in Medicine from the University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Carol Davila". He specialized in Orthopedics and Traumatology at the General Hospital of Piraeus “Tzaneio” and in Pediatric Orthopedics at the Children’s Hospital "P. & A. Kyriakou", and after successful examinations where he ranked first in Attica, he obtained the title of orthopedic specialty. He served as an instructor at the Special Training Center for Health Professionals in the Orthopedics and Traumatology department of the General Hospital of Piraeus "Tzaneio" regarding the implementation of a preventive screening program for scoliosis and other spinal deformities in students. Additionally, he has participated as a speaker and trainee in numerous conferences and seminars in Greece. His areas of expertise include arthroscopic surgery, robotic knee and hip arthroplasty, as well as robotic knee and hip revision surgery with Fast-Track ERAS protocols for rapid return to activities, and minimally invasive surgery.