Orthopaedic - Orthopaedic Surgeons for Spondylolisthesis near Neo Psychiko

Mr. Georgoulis Stylianos MD, MSC, Dipl is an Orthopedic Surgeon - Traumatologist with a private practice in Marousi. He has received advanced training at Oxford, United Kingdom, specializing in reconstructive orthopedics (hip and knee arthroplasty) and practices orthopedic surgery and traumatology - sports medicine at the 251 Air Force General Hospital as the Director of the 2nd Orthopedic Clinic. Simultaneously, he serves as the Deputy Director of the 7th Orthopedic Clinic at HYGEIA, focusing on robotic hip and knee arthroplasty, having been certified in these techniques. The core principles of his therapeutic approach to patients include information, understanding, honesty, and trust, which form the foundation for a personalized treatment process tailored to meet the distinct needs and demands of his patients. These are the essential elements of a mutual trust relationship between patient and surgeon, which will determine the choice of method, define the patient's therapeutic expectations, and ultimately ensure an excellent outcome.

Ο Νικόλαος Σαλαμαλίκης είναι Ορθοπεδικός Χειρουργός Σπονδυλικής Στήλης και σκοπεύει στην εξατομικευμένη αντιμετώπιση παθήσεων και παραμορφώσεων της σπονδυλικής στήλης με ατραυματικές τεχνικές, κατέχοντας ήδη μεγάλη σειρά αποσυμπιέσεων σπονδυλικής στήλης με ενδοσκοπική τεχνική. Το 2024 ολοκλήρωσε με επιτυχία, Χειρουργικό Fellowship, με αντικείμενο τη Χειρουργική Σπονδυλικής Στήλης ελάχιστης επεμβατικότητας (Minimal Invasive Spine Surgery), σε αναγνωρισμένη Κλινική Σπονδυλικής Στήλης, από το παγκόσμιο εκπαιδευτικό δίκτυο Ορθοπεδικής (ΑΟ), στο Okayama Rosai Hospital της Ιαπωνίας, υπό τον Καθηγητή Dr. Masato Tanaka. Ο Ιατρός ειδικεύτηκε και εξειδικεύτηκε στην Γερμανία, αποκτώντας τον τίτλο του Ειδικού Χειρουργού Ορθοπεδικού, κατόπιν εξετάσεων, από τον Ιατρικό Σύλλογο του κρατιδίου του Βρανδεμβούργου (2020).Μετά τη λήψη της ειδικότητάς του, διετέλεσε Επιμελητής Α' Ορθοπεδικής και Τραυματιολογίας σε αναγνωρισμένο κέντρο Τραύματος της Γερμανίας (Sana Klinikum Niederlausitz). Μετά από πολυετή εμπειρία σε πρωτοπόρα Ορθοπεδικά Κέντρα και κέντρα Tραύματος της Γερμανίας, ο Ιατρός υπηρέτησε, ως συνεργάτης, στην Κλινική Σκολίωσης και Σπονδυλικής Στήλης του Γενικού Νοσοκομείου "ΚΑΤ" για ένα έτος (2022). Διαθέτει πληθώρα εμπειρίας και εξειδικεύεται στις χειρουργικές τεχνικές ελάχιστης επεμβατικότητας των παθήσεων και παραμορφώσεων της Σπονδυλικής Στήλης, στην ενδοσκοπική αποσυμπίεση των παθήσεων του Σπονδυλικού καναλιού, στις αρθροπλαστικές μεγάλων αρθρώσεων με πρωτόκολλα ταχείας μετεγχειρητικής αποκατάστασης και στην αρθροσκοπική αποκατάσταση αθλητικών κακώσεων. Το 2022, κατόπιν εξετάσεων, έγινε μέλος της Ευρωπαϊκής Εταιρείας Ορθοπεδικών Χειρουργών ( FEBOT). Ο Σαλαμαλίκης Νικόλαος διατηρεί ιδιωτικό Ιατρείο στους Αμπελοκήπους και στο Περιστέρι, ενώ παράλληλα διατελεί Επιμελητής στο 251 Γενικό Νοσοκομείο της Αεροπορίας.Χειρουργεί ιδιωτικά στο Νοσοκομείο Υγεία, στο Νοσοκομείο Ερρίκος Ντυνάν.Είναι απόφοιτος της Στρατιωτικής Σχολής Αξιωματικών Σωμάτων και της Ιατρικής Σχολής του Αριστοτελείου Πανεπιστημίου Θεσσαλονίκης (2009).

Kaldis Panagiotis is an Orthopedic Surgeon specializing in Upper Limb Surgery and Reconstructive Microsurgery. He graduated from the Medical School of the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens. Alongside his private practice in Pallini, he works as Deputy Director in the B' Department of Hand Surgery and Microsurgery at Hygeia Hospital, where he manages complex hand and shoulder injuries. He is a member of prominent medical associations, including the Athens Medical Association, the Hellenic Society of Surgery, Orthopedics, and Traumatology (HECOS), the Hellenic Society of Hand and Upper Limb Surgery (HEHUS), the Society of Reconstructive Microsurgery (SRM), and the International Wrist Arthroscopy Society (IWAS).

In his private practice, he treats conditions across the full spectrum of orthopedics and provides specialized services tailored to the individual needs of his patients.

Analogidis Spyridon is an Orthopedic Surgeon with a private practice located in the Goudi area. He graduated from the Medical School of the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens and completed his specialization in Orthopedics at the 1st Orthopedic Clinic of Attikon General Hospital of Athens KAT. He has gained significant professional experience, having worked at Iaso GENERAL, in the Emergency Department of the Athens Medical Center, as well as at the MIOSMED Sports Injury Clinic. Currently, in his private practice, he provides specialized services and treats a wide range of conditions, including sports injuries, limb length discrepancy, arthritis, calcific tendinopathy, patellar instability, cervical syndrome, discopathy, intramedullary sclerosis, patellar and shoulder dislocation, sciatica, fractures, herniated intervertebral disc, osteoarthritis, and knee osteoarthritis.

Dr. Pantos Panagiotis, MD, MSc, PhD, is an Orthopedic Surgeon with private practices in Marousi, Haidari, and Glyfada. He holds a PhD in Medicine from the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens and is a graduate of the Medical School of the same institution. He also has a master's degree in Public Health from the National School of Public Health. He specialized in Orthopedic Surgery & Traumatology at the 1st Orthopedic Clinic of the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens and received training in the Upper Limb and Microsurgery Clinic at the General Hospital KAT. After completing his specialization, he practiced as an Orthopedic Surgeon in Germany, serving as Oberarzt für Orthopädie und Unfallchirurgie in the Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Center for Shoulder Surgery, Asklepios Klinik Seligenstadt. From 2016 to 2020, he worked as Leitender Oberarzt in the Clinic for Shoulder Surgery at Klinik Maingau vom Roten Kreuz, Frankfurt am Main. He is also Head of the Upper Limb Surgery and Sports Injuries Department at Osteon Orthopedic and Spine Clinic. Additionally, he is the Director of the Orthopedic Clinic - Upper Limb Department at the Athens Medical Center. In his private practices, he is capable of treating the full spectrum of shoulder conditions using either arthroscopic or open surgical techniques.

Masount Mamoun is an Orthopedic Surgeon with private practices in Ambelokipi (Gkyzi area) and Nafplio (Head of the Orthopedic Department at IASIS Polyclinic - Argolida).

He is a graduate of the Medical School of Aristotle University of Thessaloniki and holds a postgraduate diploma in metabolic bone diseases from the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens.

He has obtained a specialty title in Orthopedic Surgery and Traumatology from the 3rd University Orthopedic Clinic of the General Hospital of Attica KAT. He is specialized in arthroplasty, arthroscopy, traumatology, sports injuries, and surgery of major joints, as well as in osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, and fracture healing.

In his private clinic, he manages conditions across the entire spectrum of orthopedics, with a special interest and experience in pediatric orthopedics.

Additionally, he serves as a Scientific Collaborator and surgeon at Metropolitan Hospital, Medical Center Athens Group, and Hospitality Clinic Athens.

Finally, through his participation in numerous seminars, workshops, and conferences, he continually updates himself on advancements in his field to provide specialized services tailored to his patients' individual needs. He is also a member of the Hellenic Society of Orthopedic Surgery and Traumatology and the Hellenic Osteoporosis Foundation.

Andreopoulos Asimakis is an Orthopedic Surgeon - Sports Medicine Specialist who has maintained his medical practice since 2008 in Ilion, Attica. He has been a Consultant at the 1st Orthopedic Clinic of Metropolitan General since 2008 and a collaborator at the Athens Medical Center in the Peristeri Clinic. He specializes in hip and knee arthroplasties, shoulder and knee arthroscopies, and traumatology. Throughout his career, he has worked in numerous hospitals and clinics, such as the General Hospital of Attica KAT and the General Hospital of Athens "Evangelismos," treating conditions including sports injuries, sciatica, fractures, low back pain, osteoarthritis, osteosynthesis, scoliosis, and spinal stenosis. Finally, he is a member of the Athens Medical Association, the Hellenic Society of Orthopedic Surgery & Traumatology, and the Hellenic Osteoporosis Foundation.

Dr. Sinnis Gerasimos is an Orthopedic Surgeon - Traumatologist who has maintained a private practice in Ampelokipi since October 2014. He holds a medical degree from the University of Bologna in Italy. He specialized in Orthopedic Surgery and Traumatology at the General Hospital of Athens "Evangelismos," followed by training in the Microsurgery and Hand Department of the General Hospital of Attica KAT, and finally at the 2nd Orthopedic Clinic of the Children's General Hospital "P. & A. Kyriakou." For two years (05/2012 - 04/2014), he completed paid postgraduate training in hip and knee reconstructive surgery in Bologna, Italy, at the private clinic Casa di Cura "Villa Erbosa" (San Donato Hospital Group), in the Clinic for Degenerative and Dysplastic Hip Diseases, under the supervision of Professor Roberto Binazzi. From 02/2022 to 10/2023, he served as a physician for the football team of P.A.E. Panathinaikos, while from 09/2015 to 10/2019 he was head of the medical department of the P.A.E. Panathinaikos Academy, gaining significant experience with sports injuries in children and adults. He holds a postgraduate degree titled "Metabolic Bone Diseases" from the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens and is a final-year student in the postgraduate program "Exercise and Health" at the same institution.

Lallos Stergios MD, MSc is an Orthopedic Surgeon maintaining a private practice in Agia Paraskevi and also sees patients at the Metropolitan General. He holds a master's degree (MSc) in Metabolic Bone Diseases - Osteoporosis and a Medical Degree from the Medical School of the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens. He completed his specialty in Orthopedics and holds ATLS (Advanced Trauma Life Support) certification as well as a Basic Life Support diploma. Additionally, he is specialized in arthroplasty, arthroscopy, traumatology, sports injuries, and major joint surgery, areas he focused on after completing his specialty and subsequently upon selection by the Medical School of Athens, where he served as a University Fellow of the 2nd Orthopedic Clinic of the University of Athens. He then moved to Switzerland, where he worked as a Consultant in the Orthopedic Clinic of Salem Spital in Bern, covering the full spectrum of joint pathology and surgery. It is noteworthy that during his career, he served as a Scientific Associate at the "Errikos Dynan" Hospital Center and the Medical Diavalkaniko Center. Finally, Dr. Lallos is a member of numerous professional associations and has extensive participation in conferences, seminars, presentations, and publications.

Ο Γεώργιος Πολονύφης είναι Ορθοπαιδικός Χειρουργός, διατηρεί ιδιωτικό ιατρείο στην Αθήνα ενώ παράλληλα είναι Διευθυντής της Ορθοπαιδικής Κλινικής στο Ιατρικό κέντρο Περιστερίου. Πραγματοποιεί τις χειρουργικές του επεμβάσεις σε μεγάλες ιδιωτικές κλινικές της Αθήνας και της Περιφέρειας ενώ συνεργάζεται και με το Ιατρικό Κέντρο Ψυχικού. Είναι πτυχιούχος της Ιατρικής Σχολής του Εθνικού και Καποδιστριακού Πανεπιστημίου Αθηνών. Υπηρέτησε και εκπλήρωσε την στρατιωτική του θητεία στον Στρατό Ξηράς ως οπλίτης ιατρός του υγειονομικού ,αντιμετωπίζοντας πολλαπλά περιστατικά επείγοντος ορθοπαιδικού τραύματος κατά τη διάρκεια της θητείας του. Στο πλαίσιο της ειδίκευσης του στην Ορθοπαιδική Χειρουργική, άρχισε την ειδικότητά του και εργάστηκε στο Γενικό Νοσοκομείο Μεσολογγίου στο τμήμα της Γενικής Χειρουργικής με έμφαση στην αντιμετώπιση του επείγοντος χειρουργικού τραύματος. Εν συνεχεία εργάστηκε και ειδικεύτηκε στο Γενικό Νοσοκομείο Παίδων Αθηνών "Η Αγία Σοφία" στο τμήμα της Παιδοορθοπαιδικής όπου συμμετείχε σε πολυάριθμες παιδοορθοπαιδικές επεμβάσεις (τραυματολογία, αντιμετώπιση σκολίωσης, αντιμετώπιση συγγενών δυσπλασιών του μυοσκελετικού) καθώς και εκπαιδεύτηκε και στο υπερηχογράφημα ισχίου νεογνών για τη διάγνωση συγγενούς δυσπλασίας του ισχίου όπου και έλαβε την διεθνή πιστοποίηση απ΄τον παγκοσμίου φήμης καθηγητή Reinhard Graf, αντιμετωπίζοντας παράλληλα πολλαπλά επείγοντα και τακτικά περιστατικά. Απέκτησε εμπειρία στην διάγνωση και αντιμετώπιση παραμορφώσεων σπονδυλικής στήλης (σκολίωση, κύφωση, λόρδωση) καθώς και στις διαταραχές βάδισης και παραμορφώσεις άκρων ποδών. Έπειτα συνέχισε την ειδίκευσή του στο Γενικό Νοσοκομείο Ασκληπιείο Βούλας, όπου ασχολήθηκε με όλο το φάσμα των ορθοπαιδικών παθήσεων ενηλίκων, λαμβάνοντας μέρος σε πολυάριθμες χειρουργικές επεμβάσεις όπως επεμβάσεις τραυματολογίας, επανορθωτικής χειρουργικής αρθρώσεων(ολικές αρθροπλαστικές), αρθροσκοπήσεις, χειρουργικής άνω άκρου, χειρουργικής σπονδυλικής στήλης, επεμβάσεις μικροχειρουργικής, χειρουργική άκρου ποδός, επείγουσα αντιμετώπιση ορθοπαιδικού τραύματος κ.α. Συνέχισε την ειδίκευσή του στο Γενικό Νοσοκομείο Ατυχημάτων Κ.Α.Τ. Αθηνών στο Τμήμα Χειρουργικής Άνω Άκρου - Μικροχειρουργικής Άκρας Χειρός αντιμετωπίζοντας όλο το εύρος της τραυματολογίας του άνω άκρου καθώς και χρονίων παθήσεων του χεριού, λαμβάνοντας μέρος σε μεγάλο αριθμό επεμβάσεων μικροχειρουργικής άκρας χειρός, αρθροσκοπικής αποκατάστασης παθήσεων του ώμου(αρθροσκοπήσεις ώμου), χειρουργικής αποκατάστασης χρόνιων παθήσεων του άνω άκρου και αντιμετώπισης όλων των επειγόντων και τακτικών περιστατικών των παθήσεων του άνω άκρου συμμετέχοντας παράλληλα στην τρίμηνη πρακτική άσκηση της μικροχειρουργικής στο Εργαστήριο Έρευνας Μυοσκελετικών Παθήσεων του Γ.Ν.Α. ΚΑΤ. Συνέχισε την εκπαίδευσή του στο Γ.Ν.Α ΚΑΤ Αθηνών στο τμήμα Αρθροσκοπήσεων μικρών και μεγάλων αρθρώσεων συμμετέχοντας σε πολυάριθμες αρθροσκοπικές επεμβάσεις. Συνέχισε κατόπιν,στα πλαίσια της ειδίκευσής του, στο Τμήμα Αγγειοχειρουργικής του Γ.Ν.Α ΚΑΤ όπου συμμετείχε σε μείζονες και ελάσσονες αγγειοχειρουργικές επεμβάσεις με έμφαση στην αποκατάσταση τραυματισμών περιφερικών αγγείων στο επείγον ορθοπαιδικό τραύμα. Εν συνεχεία επέστρεψε στο Γ.Ν Ασκληπιείο Βούλας όπου και ολοκλήρωσε την ειδίκευσή του στην Ορθοπαιδική Χειρουργική. Ο ιατρός έχει εργαστεί ως ιατρός αγώνων ποδοσφαίρου και καλαθοσφαίρισης σε πρωταθλήματα του νομού Αττικής ως μέλος της ΑΘΛΕΤΙΑ (Αθλητιατρική Εταιρεία Ιατρών Αγώνων). Ο ιατρός είναι κάτοχος του ATLS(AdvancedTraumaLifeSupport),έχει συμμετάσχει σε πολυάριθμα συνέδρια του εσωτερικού και του εξωτερικού όπου υπήρξε και ομιλητής. Eπίσης έχει συμμετάσχει σε πολλαπλά επιστημονικά σεμινάρια, συνέδρια και courses Ορθοπαιδικής Χειρουργικής σε μια διαρκή προσπάθεια εξέλιξης και ενημέρωσης γύρω από τα νεότερα και πιο έγκυρα δεδομένα στον τομέα της ορθοπαιδικής. Παράλληλα, είναι εκπαιδευτής νέων συναδέλφων του σε πολλά Courses του εξωτερικού και του εσωτερικού.

Tsimplakis Mixalis is an Orthopedic Surgeon - Sports Medicine Specialist, Deputy Director of the 8th Orthopedic Clinic at Metropolitan General, and maintains a private practice in Nea Smyrni. He is a graduate of the Medical School of the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens and has received advanced training in Shoulder Arthroscopic Surgery at the 401 General Military Hospital of Athens. He has particular expertise in knee arthroplasty, meniscal arthroscopy, chondropathy arthroscopy, shoulder arthroscopy, osteoporosis management, as well as monitoring kyphosis, scoliosis, and fractures. Additionally, he collaborates with the Medical Center of Palaio Faliro, BioClinic of Piraeus, and Doctors Hospital. Finally, the physician has contributed to scientific publications both in Greece and internationally.

Ioannis Masiotis is an Orthopedic Surgeon with private practices in Agia Paraskevi and Cholargos. He holds a doctoral dissertation on the "Effect of anticoagulant factors on fracture healing," conducted in collaboration with the 4th University Clinic of the General Hospital of Attica KAT at the National Technical University of Athens. He has undergone advanced training in metabolic bone diseases and minimally invasive total hip arthroplasty techniques. Utilizing modern surgical methods (Minimally Invasive Surgery), he ensures minimal pain and rapid recovery in the management of sports injuries (meniscal tears, cruciate ligament tears, chondral lesions – cartilage transplantation, chondropathy, tendon ruptures, shoulder dislocation), knee, shoulder, ankle, and hip arthroscopies, knee and hip arthroplasty (Path and SuperPath techniques), fractures, hand disorders (carpal tunnel syndrome, ulnar neuropathy, trigger finger, tendinitis, etc.), foot conditions, and osteoporosis. Furthermore, Dr. Masiotis has authored numerous pioneering studies and publications presented at national and international conferences and is a member of the European Society of Sports Traumatology, Knee Surgery and Arthroscopy.

Sarantos Konstantinos MD, FRCS, is the Director of the 7th Orthopedic Clinic at YGEIA Hospital and maintains private practices in central Athens, Marousi, and Kranidi. He is an official trainer of the MAKO Robotic System and the minimally invasive technique “SuperPath” in Europe for Hip and Knee Arthroplasties and has trained over 450 surgeons from Europe and beyond in more than 45 educational courses. He graduated from the Medical School of the University of Ioannina and is a Consultant - Head Orthopedic Surgeon at Coventry and Warwick University Hospital in the United Kingdom and a member of the British Royal College of Surgeons. He specialized and received further training in the United Kingdom in hip and knee surgeries. Additionally, he completed further training in the minimally invasive hip technique, "SuperPath®", in the United States and subsequently performed the first surgery in Europe and the United Kingdom of a total hip arthroplasty using the "SuperPath®" technique in 2014. Since then, he has performed an exceptionally large number of surgical procedures using this method and has contributed to its development and adaptation to European standards. In his private practices, he manages a wide range of cases and provides solutions to his patients' problems, while also being a member of numerous Greek and international scientific societies.

Anastasopoulos Panagiotis is an Orthopedic Surgeon, maintaining a private practice in Chalandri. He has extensive experience in issues concerning injuries, arthroscopies, arthroplasties, and the musculoskeletal system in general.

Dempegiotis Petros MD, MSc is an Orthopedic Surgeon with a private practice in Kypseli. He is a graduate of the Medical School of the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens and has attended numerous international educational seminars. He is also a certified physician in Neural Therapy. He is an affiliated physician at Euroclinic Athens, Doctor's Hospital, and Metropolitan General. With extensive experience in orthopedic disorders, he diagnoses and treats orthopedic conditions in both adults and children. Additionally, he manages cases such as tendinitis, osteoarthritis, cervical syndrome, sciatica, as well as pediatric orthopedics.

Flevarakis Georgios is an Orthopedic Surgeon and maintains private practices in Voula, Cholargos within Metropolitan General, and in Neos Kosmos within Athenian Lab & Medicine. He graduated from the Medical School of the University of Patras, where he was admitted following nationwide examinations. His initial exposure to Orthopedic specialization was at the Orthopedic Clinic of the Naval Hospital of Athens (2006-2008). From 2008 to 2011, he served in the Orthopedic Oncology Department of the Anticancer-Oncology Hospital "Agios Savvas". In 2011, he continued his specialization in the Shoulder Surgery Department of the General Hospital Asklipieio Voula. In 2014, after completing his specialization, he obtained the title of Orthopedic Surgeon following examinations. From 2014 to 2016, he held a salaried position (Clinical Shoulder and Elbow Fellow) in the Shoulder and Elbow Surgery Department of the University Hospital of Liverpool, one of the largest referral centers in the United Kingdom. Since returning to Greece in 2016, he maintains his private practice in Voula and also works at the private hospital Metropolitan General as a consultant in the 3rd Orthopedic Clinic - Minimally Invasive Surgery.

Georgoudis Mixalis is an Orthopedic Surgeon – Spine Surgeon and maintains private practices in Chalkida, as well as within Metropolitan Hospital in Faliro.

He graduated from the Medical Department of Democritus University of Thrace. He has worked as an Orthopedic Surgeon in the 2nd Orthopedic Clinic and as a Resident Orthopedic Surgeon in the Scoliosis and Spine Department and in the Pediatric Orthopedics Clinic of the G.N.A KAT General Hospital. He is specialized in hip and knee arthroplasty, arthroscopic surgery, and spinal surgery.

He serves as an External Associate of Metropolitan Hospital in Faliro and the Athens Medical Center – Psychiko Clinic. He has served as Director of the 2nd Orthopedic Department at Euroclinic Athens, as well as Consultant of the Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery Department (MISS) at the Athens Medical Center. Additionally, as a resident, he worked at the General Prefectural Hospital of Chalkida and the General Hospital of Chios "Skylitseio".

He has participated in numerous national and international scientific conferences and seminars, with his scientific work published and presented in medical journals and conferences respectively. Particularly noteworthy is the Travel Fellowship he received from the E.E.X.O.T. for his participation in the FORTE Summer School held in 2018 in Milan.

Finally, the doctor is a member of the Medical Associations of Athens and Evia, the Hellenic Society of Orthopedic Surgery and Traumatology, and the Hellenic Osteoporosis Foundation.

Mr. Siopis Xristos is an Orthopedic Surgeon with private practices in Thessaloniki (28 Agias Sofias, 2nd Floor) and Veria (32 El. Venizelou, 3rd Floor). He is a graduate of the Medical School of the University of Thessaly. Since 2021, he has been a Collaborating Surgeon at the A’ Orthopedic Clinic of the Interbalkan Medical Center of Thessaloniki and a direct collaborator of Dr. Stylianos Kapetanakis in the Spine & Deformities Department. Simultaneously, he serves as a Collaborating Physician at the Athens Medical Center in Marousi and Psychiko. He specializes in knee and hip arthroplasties with customized implants, spinal surgery, knee and shoulder arthroscopies, as well as pediatric orthopedics. In his private practices, he provides a wide range of services tailored to the individual needs of each patient, always with respect to the patient himself.