Doctors for Arthroscopy

Ο Κεχαγιάς Βασίλειος MD, MSc, PhD είναι Ορθοπαιδικός Χειρουργός και διατηρεί ιδιωτικό ιατρείο στο Καματερό. Είναι Διδάκτωρ της Ιατρικής Σχολής του Εθνικού και Καποδιστριακού Πανεπιστημίου Αθηνών με θέμα "Προοπτική Μελέτη των Μεταβολών Σπονδυλικής Στήλης και Πυέλου μετά από Ολική Αρθροπλαστική Ισχίου και Γόνατος". Παράλληλα, είναι κάτοχος Μεταπτυχιακού Τίτλου Σπουδών στα "Μεταβολικά Νοσήματα Των Οστών" από την Ιατρική Σχολή του Εθνικού και Καποδιστριακού Πανεπιστημίου Αθηνών, ενώ αποφοίτησε από την ίδια Σχολή το 2006 και συνέχισε την ακαδημαϊκή του πορεία με μεταπτυχιακές και διδακτορικές σπουδές, τις οποίες ολοκλήρωσε με βαθμό "Άριστα". Διαθέτει πολυετή εμπειρία στη διάγνωση και χειρουργική αντιμετώπιση παθήσεων και κακώσεων του μυοσκελετικού συστήματος, με ιδιαίτερο ενδιαφέρον στην αρθροπλαστική ισχίου και γόνατος, την αρθροσκόπηση ώμου και γόνατος, τη χειρουργική καταγμάτων, την τραυματολογία και τις αθλητικές κακώσεις. Παράλληλα, ασχολείται με τη χειρουργική άκρας χειρός, τις παθήσεις της σπονδυλικής στήλης και του άκρου ποδός, καθώς και με τη διάγνωση και θεραπεία της οστεοπόρωσης.

Κατέχει τον βαθμό του Διευθυντή Ε.Σ.Υ. και συνεργάζεται με το Ιατρικό Περιστερίου του Ομίλου Ιατρικού Αθηνών, ενώ έχει αποκτήσει σημαντική κλινική εμπειρία μέσα από τη δραστηριότητά του σε νοσοκομειακές μονάδες, όπως το Γενικό Νοσοκομείο Πειραιά "Τζάνειο", το Γενικό Νοσοκομείο Βόλου και το Γενικό Νοσοκομείο Λήμνου.

Είναι ενεργό μέλος του Ιατρικού Συλλόγου Αθηνών, της Ελληνικής Εταιρείας Χειρουργικής Ορθοπαιδικής και Τραυματολογίας (Ε.Ε.Χ.Ο.Τ.) και του Ελληνικού Ιδρύματος Οστεοπόρωσης.

Στόχος του είναι η παροχή εξατομικευμένης, σύγχρονης και υψηλού επιπέδου ιατρικής φροντίδας, με έμφαση στην ορθή διάγνωση, τη λεπτομερή ενημέρωση του ασθενούς και την εφαρμογή των πλέον σύγχρονων θεραπευτικών και χειρουργικών μεθόδων.

Emmanouil Skotidis is an Orthopedic Surgeon specializing in the diagnosis and treatment of musculoskeletal disorders, with an emphasis on degenerative joint diseases, hip arthroplasty, and knee arthroplasty. He maintains a private practice in Porto Rafti. He systematically works with total hip arthroplasty using the anterior approach, a modern, minimally invasive technique that allows for faster mobilization, reduced postoperative pain, and quicker return to daily activities. Additionally, he performs total knee arthroplasty to address severe osteoarthritis and chronic knee pain, utilizing personalized surgical planning. His expertise also includes traumatology of the upper and lower extremities as well as the management of sports injuries, both through conservative treatment and surgical reconstruction when indicated. He conducts comprehensive orthopedic examinations of the upper extremity aimed at accurate diagnosis and rational treatment. Furthermore, he provides osteoporosis screening and management, focusing on fracture prevention and the maintenance of functionality. His approach is based on contemporary medical knowledge, evidence-based decision-making, and thorough patient education.

Ο Ορθοπαιδικός Χειρουργός Στέλιος Παπαλεξανδρής είναι πτυχιούχος της Ιατρικής Σχολής του Αριστοτελείου Πανεπιστημίου Θεσσαλονίκης. Απέκτησε τίτλο ειδικότητας ορθοπαιδικού-χειρουργού (2008), μετά από εκπαίδευση στην Ελλάδα και το Ηνωμένο Βασίλειο, όπου και εξειδικεύθηκε στους τομείς της αρθροσκοπικής χειρουργικής (2008-2009), της επανορθωτικής χειρουργικής του ισχίου και του γόνατος (2016-2018 & 2020-2021) και του ορθοπαιδικού τραύματος (2018-2020). Έχει εργασθεί ως ειδικός ορθοπαιδικός στην Ελλάδα και το Ηνωμένο Βασίλειο. Διετέλεσε μέλος της ιατρικής ομάδας του ιατρικού κέντρου του ΣΕΓΑΣ στη Θεσσαλονίκη και ιατρός αγώνων ποδοσφαίρου όλων των εθνικών κατηγοριών και του Κυπέλλου Ελλάδος. Το 2024 εντάχθηκε στο Ειδικό Σώμα Ιατρών του Κέντρου Πιστοποίησης Αναπηρίας (ΚΕ.Π.Α.) του e-ΕΦΚΑ. Απέκτησε την ιδιότητα του μέλους του Βασιλικού Κολλεγίου Χειρουργών του Ηνωμένου Βασιλείου (Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons), της Ευρωπαϊκής Επιτροπής Ορθοπαιδικής και Τραυματολογίας (Fellow of the European Board of Orthopaedics and Traumatology) και του Κολλεγίου Ελλήνων Ορθοπαιδικών Χειρουργών (ΚΕΟΧ), κατόπιν επιτυχούς συμμετοχής σε ειδικές εξετάσεις. Είναι υποψήφιος διδάκτορας του Δημοκρίτειου Πανεπιστημίου Θράκης, με επιστημονικό αντικείμενο το Μάρκετινγκ και τη Διοίκηση στην Υγεία. Είναι κάτοχος μεταπτυχιακών τίτλων σπουδών στη «Διοίκηση Μονάδων Υγείας», τη «Μεθοδολογία Βιοϊατρικής Έρευνας, Βιοστατιστική και Κλινική Βιοπληροφορική», την «Εκπαίδευση Ενηλίκων» και τη «Βιοηθική». Συνέβαλε στην ανάπτυξη κατευθυντήριων οδηγιών, ως αναπληρωτής συντονιστής της Επιτροπής Ανάπτυξης Κατευθυντήριων Οδηγιών Γενικής Ιατρικής για την Οσφυαλγία, στο πλαίσιο του Επιχειρησιακού Προγράμματος «Διοικητική Μεταρρύθμιση 2007-2013», που υλοποιήθηκε από το Πανεπιστήμιο Κρήτης. Έχει συμμετάσχει στη συγγραφή βιβλίου ορθοπαιδικού τραύματος και έχει συγγράψει εγχειρίδιο πρώτων βοηθειών. Επιστημονικές εργασίες του έχουν δημοσιευθεί σε ελληνικά και διεθνή ιατρικά περιοδικά, και έχουν ανακοινωθεί σε πλήθος ελληνικών και διεθνών επιστημονικών συνεδρίων.

Από το ακαδημαϊκό έτος 2021-2022, διεξάγει διδακτικό και ερευνητικό έργο, ως ακαδημαϊκός υπότροφος, στο Πανεπιστήμιο Δυτικής Μακεδονίας (Τμήμα Εργοθεραπείας, Τμήμα Μαιευτικής και Τμήμα Στατιστικής και Ασφαλιστικής Επιστήμης). Ως ειδικός ορθοπαιδικός έχει διδακτικό έργο στο πλαίσιο της πρακτικής εκπαίδευσης ειδικευομένων ορθοπαιδικής και φοιτητών ιατρικής των Πανεπιστημίων του Manchester και του Liverpool του Ηνωμένου Βασιλείου. Είναι εκπαιδευτής στο ιατρικό σεμινάριο ATLS (Advanced Trauma Life Support – provider & instructor course) στην Ελβετία και την Ελλάδα. Έχει διατελέσει εκπαιδευτής στο ΙΕΚ του ΕΚΑΒ και το Πρόγραμμα Μεταπτυχιακών Σπουδών «Επείγουσα Προνοσοκομειακή Ιατρική» του ΕΚΑΒ και εκπαιδευτής πρώτων βοηθειών σε σεμινάρια για επαγγελματίες υγείας και τον γενικό πληθυσμό. Είναι πιστοποιημένος εκπαιδευτής προγραμμάτων του Ευρωπαϊκού Συμβουλίου Αναζωογόνησης (European Resuscitation Council - ERC).

Georgios Xristodoulakis is an Orthopedic Surgeon and Director of the Orthopedic Department at the private clinic "Piraikos Therapeutirio." He sees his patients in Votanikos, Piraeus, and Kypseli. He graduated with honors from the Medical School and holds an Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS) certification. He is a Scientific Associate at the private clinic Iatriko Psychikou and the private hospital "Mitera." Additionally, he has worked at major hospitals in Athens, including Asklipieio Voula, the Military Fund Nursing Institution, the General Children's Hospital of Athens "Panagiotis and Aglaia Kyriakou," the General Thoracic Diseases Hospital of Athens "Sotiria," and the Plastic Surgery Clinic of the 6th IKA Therapeutic Center "G. Gennimatas." He has over 70 presentations at accredited international and Greek conferences and more than 100 conference participations, ensuring that he remains informed about all current advancements in modern Orthopedics. Finally, Dr. Xristodoulakis is a member of the Athens Medical Association and the Hellenic Osteoporosis Foundation.

Vasileiadis Theofilos is an Orthopedic Surgeon who has maintained a private practice in Petroupoli since 2000. He specializes in traumatology and sports injuries, with particular expertise in lumbar and cervical spine conditions, as well as in arthroplasty and arthroscopy. Additionally, the doctor is a member of the Athens Medical Association.

Dimitrakis Nikolaos MD, MSc is an Orthopedic Surgeon and serves as an Assistant Consultant at the General Hospital "Asklipieio" Voula. He maintains a private practice in Glyfada within MEDIONE. He specialized in the Orthopedic Clinic - Sports Injuries Department at the General Hospital "Asklipieio" Voula, as well as at the General Children's Hospital "Agia Sofia" and the General Children's Hospital "P. & A. Kyriakou." As part of his specialty training, he was trained in the Hand - Upper Limb - Microsurgery Department at the Attica General Hospital KAT. He has completed postgraduate studies in "Metabolic Bone Diseases" at the Medical School of the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, with a thesis on ''Congenital and Neuromuscular Scoliosis.'' He has also undergone further training in preventive screening for spinal deformities in students at the General Hospital of Piraeus "Tzaneio." In his practice, he manages cases spanning the entire spectrum of orthopedics, orthopedic surgery, and pediatric orthopedics, with specialization in traumatology, sports injuries, arthroscopy, and arthroplasty. Furthermore, the doctor has participated in numerous conferences and seminars both in Greece and internationally and is a member of the Hellenic Society of Orthopedic Surgery and Traumatology. Holder of the Diploma of the

Hellenic Spine Society 

Maria Vlaxou is an orthopedic surgeon who maintains a private practice in Ilioupoli and concurrently holds the position of attending physician in the pediatric orthopedic clinic at Metropolitan Hospital.

Dr. Vlaxou was admitted to the medical school of the University of Patras in 2008 and graduated in 2014. Immediately thereafter, she worked for one year at the Corinth Hospital, where she was trained in the reception and management of polytrauma patients. From November 2015, she worked in the orthopedic oncology clinic at "Agios Savvas" Hospital, participating in major oncological surgeries and monitoring oncology patients. From June 2016 to 2023, she worked at General Hospital Georgios Gennimatas in the First Orthopedic Clinic, gaining experience in orthopedic trauma, arthroplasty of major joints, and sports injury rehabilitation. Concurrently, for two years, she completed a rotation in the Second Orthopedic Clinic of the Children's Hospital Agia Sofia, where she was trained in pediatric orthopedic trauma, neonatal hip ultrasound according to Graf, the Ponseti method, and a wide range of other pediatric orthopedic conditions.

Anoua Nikolaos is a specialized Orthopedic Surgeon and Traumatologist with a private practice in Vrilissia. He has extensive clinical and surgical experience with adults as well as a particular focus on Pediatric Orthopedics. He graduated from the Medical School of Democritus University of Thrace and obtained his specialty title in Orthopedic Surgery and Traumatology in 2019. He has served at leading hospitals in the country, such as the General Hospital of Athens "KAT", Metropolitan Hospital, IASO Children’s Hospital, Athens Medical Center, and OSTEON Orthopedic & Spine Clinic, covering a wide range of cases in both children and adults. His expertise also includes additional experience in Pediatric Orthopedics at the General Children’s Hospital of Athens "P. & A. Kyriakou". He is a member of important scientific associations, including the Athens Medical Association, the General Medical Council (UK), the Hellenic Society of Surgery and Orthopedic Traumatology (EEXOT), and the Hellenic Society of Out-of-Hospital Emergency Medicine (EEEE). His goal is to provide personalized and scientifically substantiated care, emphasizing patient safety, functionality, and improvement of quality of life.

Mixas Giorgos is an Orthopedic Surgeon and maintains his private practice in Acharnes. He holds a medical degree from the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, has completed a postgraduate program in "Metabolic Bone Diseases," and is a PhD candidate at the same university. He has received additional training in ATLS (Advanced Trauma Life Support) and the Knee Arthroscopy Course (Geneva). The doctor specialized in Orthopedics and Traumatology at hospitals in Belgium, Switzerland, and Greece and has served as a Medical Team Collaborator for the PAE Apollon Smyrnis football team. In his private practice, he manages a wide range of cases, focusing on providing the best possible care tailored to the individual needs of each patient, as every case is unique and requires a combination of appropriate techniques. The clinic facilities are suitably designed to ensure patients' stay is pleasant, friendly, and comfortable.

Mylonas Xrysanthos is an Orthopedic Surgeon - Traumatologist with private practices in Anavyssos, Lavrio, and Glyfada. He holds a degree from the Medical School of Aristotle University of Thessaloniki and completed his specialty in General Surgery at the General State Hospital of Nikaia. Throughout his professional career, he served as a Scientific Collaborator at IKA Lavrio for over 15 years. Currently, in addition to his private practices, he is a Scientific Collaborator at the private hospital Medirerraneo in the Glyfada area. Furthermore, he regularly attends conferences in Greece and abroad covering the entire spectrum of Orthopedics, including topics such as osteoporosis, trauma, surgical arthroplasty, geriatric patients, and bone neoplasms. He also participates in various research projects and presentations both in Greece and internationally.

Dimitrios Kaklamanis is an Orthopedic Surgeon with private practices in Galatsi and Kolonaki. He is a PhD candidate at the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens and holds a degree from the Medical School of the same university. He completed his specialization in General Surgery at the Vascular Surgery Clinic of the Athens Prefectural General Hospital "Elpis" and in Orthopedic Surgery at the General Hospital of Athens "Laiko". With his experience and expertise, he is capable of diagnosing and managing common orthopedic problems encountered in daily life as well as treating any related conditions. Additionally, he participates in Greek and European conferences and is a member of the Athens Medical Association, the Hellenic Society for the Study of Bone Metabolism, and the Hellenic Society of Orthopedic Surgery and Traumatology.

Igglezos Nikolaos is an Orthopedic Surgeon, graduate of the Medical School of Comenius University of Bratislava, and in 2024 he graduated from the Master's Program (MSc) of the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, specializing in Metabolic Bone Diseases. He maintains an active private collaboration with Metropolitan Hospital, where he also serves as an Attending Physician. Previously, he has worked in the Third Orthopedic Clinic of Athens General Hospital KAT, in the Microsurgery and Hand Surgery Department of KAT, as well as in the Sports Injuries Department of the same hospital, gaining extensive experience in trauma and total knee and hip arthroplasty. He has also worked in the Second Orthopedic Clinic of "Agia Sofia" Children's Hospital as an orthopedic surgeon, at Livadeia General Hospital, and earlier served as a surgical resident in General Surgery at the same hospital. With experience in contemporary orthopedics and an active scientific interest in metabolic bone diseases, he undertakes cases and provides individualized patient care. With a focus on sports injuries and reconstructive orthopedic surgery, he manages conservative treatment using biological therapies with platelet-rich plasma (PRP), as well as surgical repair when conservative treatment is not indicated. Finally, he accepts emergency cases on weekdays and holidays by telephone appointment.

Magarakis Georgios is an Orthopedic Surgeon and maintains a private practice in Heraklion, Crete. He studied Medicine at Aristotle University of Thessaloniki and completed postgraduate studies in Surgery at the University of Crete. He possesses clinical experience from working in hospitals in Crete as well as research experience, which is reflected in the numerous scientific studies and publications he has authored.

Katsougkrakis Ilias is an Orthopedic Surgeon, serving as Deputy Director of the Robotic Orthopedic Surgery and Pediatric Orthopedics Clinic at Metropolitan Hospital. He maintains private practices in Ilioupoli and Sparta, Laconia. After completing his specialty training, he went to the United Kingdom where he completed a postgraduate specialization program, a Fellowship, in Arthroscopic Surgery and Knee and Shoulder Arthroplasty at East Surrey Hospital in Redhill, England. From 2012 to 2017, he worked as an Orthopedic Consultant in Adult and Pediatric Traumatology and Hip, Knee, and Shoulder Arthroplasty at Ealing Hospital in London and East Surrey Hospital in Redhill. He holds a degree from the Medical School of the University of Novi Sad in Serbia and obtained his medical specialty title from the 6th Orthopedic Clinic of the General Hospital "Asklipieio Voulas." After completing his specialty, he worked as the coordinating physician of the Parnassos Ski Center. Finally, he completed a postgraduate program in Health Units Management and Crisis Management at the University of Peloponnese. He maintains private practices in Ilioupoli and Sparta, Laconia.

Ο Νταλαπέρας Παναγιώτης MSc, MD είναι Ορθοπαιδικός - Ορθοπαιδικός Χειρουργός και διατηρεί ιδιωτικό ιατρείο στο Πεδίον του Άρεως. Είναι απόφοιτος της Ιατρικής Σχολής του Δημοκριτείου Πανεπιστημίου Θράκης και κάτοχος μεταπτυχιακού τίτλου σπουδών από το Εθνικό και Καποδιστριακό Πανεπιστήμιο Αθηνών, με αντικείμενο τα Μεταβολικά Νοσήματα των Οστών.

Έχει εξειδίκευση στην ελάχιστα επεμβατική (minimal invasive) ορθοπαιδική χειρουργική και fast track αποκατάσταση, με έμφαση στη λειτουργικότητα, την ασφάλεια και τη γρήγορη επάνοδο του ασθενούς. Στο πλαίσιο της επαγγελματικής του δραστηριότητας, εργάζεται ως Ορθοπαιδικός Χειρουργός στο Mediterraneo Hospital, ενώ παράλληλα αποτελεί μέλος του ιατρικού επιτελείου της ποδοσφαιρικής ομάδας του Παναιτωλικού, παρέχοντας ιατρική υποστήριξη σε αθλητές. Έχει επίσης εργαστεί ως Ορθοπαιδικός Χειρουργός με εξειδίκευση στην Παιδορθοπαιδική στο Metropolitan Hospital. Η επιστημονική του κατάρτιση και η κλινική του εμπειρία καλύπτουν το ευρύ πεδίο της ορθοπαιδικής, με ενασχόληση τόσο με την αντιμετώπιση ορθοπαιδικών παθήσεων όσο και με την υγεία του μυοσκελετικού συστήματος.

Armakolas Nikolaos MD, MSc, PhD is an Orthopedic Surgeon and maintains a private practice in Nea Smyrni. He holds a Doctorate from the Medical School of the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens with a Master’s Degree in "Metabolic Bone Diseases" from the same University. Additionally, he is a Scientific Collaborator at the 3rd Orthopedic Clinic of the General Hospital of Attica KAT, at the "Hygeia" Clinic in Marousi, and at the private clinic "Leto" in Kalamata, while also collaborating with major clinics such as the Iatriko and Mediterraneo Hospital. At his practice, he provides comprehensive information and appropriate treatment tailored to each patient’s needs, following the most modern techniques. Finally, the doctor is a member of the Medical Association of Athens, the Medical Association of the United Kingdom, and the Medical Association of Sweden.

Dr. Sinnis Gerasimos is an Orthopedic Surgeon - Traumatologist who has maintained a private practice in Ampelokipi since October 2014. He holds a medical degree from the University of Bologna in Italy. He specialized in Orthopedic Surgery and Traumatology at the General Hospital of Athens "Evangelismos," followed by training in the Microsurgery and Hand Department of the General Hospital of Attica KAT, and finally at the 2nd Orthopedic Clinic of the Children's General Hospital "P. & A. Kyriakou." For two years (05/2012 - 04/2014), he completed paid postgraduate training in hip and knee reconstructive surgery in Bologna, Italy, at the private clinic Casa di Cura "Villa Erbosa" (San Donato Hospital Group), in the Clinic for Degenerative and Dysplastic Hip Diseases, under the supervision of Professor Roberto Binazzi. From 02/2022 to 10/2023, he served as a physician for the football team of P.A.E. Panathinaikos, while from 09/2015 to 10/2019 he was head of the medical department of the P.A.E. Panathinaikos Academy, gaining significant experience with sports injuries in children and adults. He holds a postgraduate degree titled "Metabolic Bone Diseases" from the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens and is a final-year student in the postgraduate program "Exercise and Health" at the same institution.

Theodoroudis Ioannis is an Orthopedic Surgeon who maintains a private practice in Agia Paraskevi. He graduated from the Medical School of Aristotle University of Thessaloniki and the Military School of Corps Officers (SSAS), and he is a Consultant at the First Orthopedic Clinic of the 401 General Military Hospital of Athens. He specialized in Knee and Hip Arthroplasties using Minimally Invasive and Rapid Recovery methods (Navigated ALMIS-Fast Track) at a major Endoprosthesis Center in Germany (St. Josef Krankenhaus Moers, EndoProthetikZentrum der Maximalversorgung (EPZmax)). The physician is also a certified Foot and Ankle Surgeon by the German Society for Foot and Ankle Surgery (Gesellschaft für Fuss- und Sprunggelenkchirurgie, GFFC), having trained at specialized centers (St. Josef Krankenhaus Wuppertal, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Mettmann, St. Josef Krankenhaus Moers). He employs modern surgical techniques for the correction of Foot deformities, such as Hallux Valgus, Hammer Toe, Claw Toe, Hallux Rigidus, Adult Acquired Flatfoot, etc. In particular, for Hammer Toe and Claw Toe, the percutaneous DMMO (Distal Metaphyseal Metatarsal Osteotomy) technique is performed through 0.5 cm incisions with immediate mobilization of patients.

Spanos Ioannis MD, MSc is an Orthopedic Surgeon, with a particular specialization in foot and ankle pathologies, collaborating with the Agios Loukas Clinic since 2012. He has extensive experience in the management of orthopedic and sports injuries. After graduating from Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, he completed his residency at the First Orthopedic Clinic of the General Hospital of Athens "Evangelismos," during which he received training in sports injuries at the Sports Injuries Clinic of KAT - General Hospital and Accident Hospital. Following the completion of his specialty, he received further specialized training in the surgical management of forefoot and hindfoot conditions (Fuß Orthopädisches KH Speising, Fusszentrum Wien) as well as in ankle arthroscopy (Orthopedic Department and Orthopedic Research Center, AMC Amsterdam). He holds a Master’s degree (MSc) in "Exercise and Health" and has participated as a speaker in international and national orthopedic conferences. His objective is to provide high-level, personalized medical services through continuous education.

Dr. Kostakos Thomas, MD, PhD, FRCS (Tr&Orth) is a specialized Orthopedic Surgeon - Sports Medicine Physician and maintains his private practice in Chalandri. He specializes in Hip and Knee Arthroplasty (robotic and conventional). He is a graduate of the Medical School of Charles University in Prague. He completed his specialty training in Orthopedics and Traumatology in the United Kingdom. He worked and specialized in Robotic Hip and Knee Arthroplasty at the Elective Orthopaedic Centre of University College London Hospital. Non-surgical options are thoroughly explored and managed in close collaboration with physiotherapists, radiologists, and physicians of other specialties, always personalized and according to the patient's needs. When surgical intervention is required, Mr. Kostakos provides an extremely individualized approach in every case, ensuring that the patient remains consistently at the center of decision-making. Mr. Kostakos employs the most modern techniques for bone stock preservation and minimally invasive surgical approaches.